The Psychology of Dynamic Balance and Peak Performance in Sport: Correction Theory

Abstract

This paper presents an introduction to a new approach to our understanding of peak performance and dysfunctional performance in sport -Correction theory. Correction theory, based within a control theory (W. Powers, 1973) and dynamical systems perspective, assumes that dynamic balance (A state in which a robust complex system will self-correct in response to imbalance) underwrites individual functioning. The central thesis presented in this paper is that an interdependent relationship exists between peak performance and dysfunctional performance in sport. Peak performance is, in part, a (corrective) response to dysfunctional performance, and vice versa. An overview of correction theory is presented, based on two propositions relating to balance. Implications of correction theory for our understanding of sporting performance are briefly considered. Keywords: dynamic balance, peak performance, correction theory DYNAMIC BALANCE, CORRECTION THEORY 3The Psychology of Dynamic Balance and Peak Performance in Sport: Correction Theory A psychological theory, if it is to be more than a technical makeshift, must base itself on the principle of opposition; for without this it could only reestablish a neurotically unbalanced psyche. There is no balance, no system of regulation without opposition. The psyche is just such a self-regulating system (Jung, 1966a, p. 61) Aphorisms such as success out of failure and triumph over adversity are commonplace within sport. One regularly hears coaches and players talk about expecting a reaction following defeat, and warning against complacency after victory; alluding to a possible interdependent relationship between success and failure rarely explored within the academic literature. The pursuit of achieving sustainable peak performances in competition is arguably one of the defining goals and challenges for elite athletes (Nesti, Littlewood, O'Halloran, Eubank, & Richardson, 2012), and for those who seek to support them. Yet variation in performance is a certainty for athletes, including at elite levels, making success and failure an inevitable part of elite athletes lived experience (Gilbourne and Richardson, 2006). Privette (1981) defined peak performance as "behaviour in any activity that transcends what normally could be expected in that situation" (p. 51). Based on this definition, peak performance refers to a higher level of functioning within any given activity (Privette, 1983), which is by definition quantitatively and/or qualitatively different to a "normal" level of performance.The qualitative nature of the subjective experiences associated with peak performance in sport has attracted significant attention in the literature (i.e., Csikszentmihalyi, 1975;Jackson, 1992, Privette, 1981Ravizza, 1977Ravizza, , 1984. Many DYNAMIC BALANCE, CORRECTION THEORY 4 of these findings suggest that peak performance is an ego-transcending experience (Maslow, 1968) consistent with the construct of flow (Young & Pain, 1999), which Jackson et al (2001) described as an optimal mental stat...

The Effect of Balance, Concentration, and Coordination on Dollyo Chagi Kick Skills in Popb Taekwondo Athletes in Dki Jakarta

“…Static balance refers to the ability to maintain equilibrium in a stationary fashion, whereas dynamic balance relates to the ability to maintain balance when the body is in motion (Shim & Rose-Woodward, 2019). dynamic balance-a state in which a robust complex system will self-correct in response to imbalance (resulting from perceived variation/challenge) to maintain functional organization, or the individual and coordinated expression of balance and imbalance (Cowen, Nesti, & Cheetham, 2014). Dynamic balance also has a positive relationship with the lower body strength in adults (Shim, Harr, & Waller, 2018).…”