“…Of particular interest have been studies of novel efforts to prevent recidivism in juvenile first offender populations (e.g., McGarrell & Hipple, 2007;Patrick & Marsh, 2005;Quinn & Van Dyke, 2004;Smith, Usinger-Lesquereux, & Evans, 1999;Sutphen, Thyer, & Kurtz, 1995;Stickle, Connell, Wilson, & Gottfredson, 2008;Wright & Mays, 1998). Attention to adult first offenders, on the other hand, typically concentrates on specific subpopulations, such as driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders (Cavaiola, Strohmetz, & Abreo, 2007;Gould & Gould, 1992;Kernodle & Joyce, 1995;Knoebel & Ross, 1997;Wheeler & Hissong, 1988), shoplifters (Deng, 1997;LaMontagne, Boyer, Hetu, & Lacerte-Lamontagne, 2000;Ray, Solomon, Doncaster, & Mellina, 1983), female inmates (Long, Sultan, Kiefer, & Schrum, 1985), and sex offenders (Ruddijs & Timmerman, 2000;Stermac & Hall, 1989). Other research explores the nature, determinants, and/or effectiveness of punishment measures for first offenders (Fader, Harris, Jones, & Poulin, 2001;Lee, 1996;Meeker, Jesilow, & Aranda, 1992;Parisi, 1981;Tiffany, Avichai, & Peters, 1975;Vigorita, 2002;Vito & Allen, 1980;Walker, Farrington, & Tucker, 1981;Wilson & Vito, 1990).…”