The psychiatric effects of COVID-19 thus far: a review of the current literature

Wright, K.; Sarangi, Ashish; Ibrahim, Yasin

doi:10.12746/swrccc.v8i35.727

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Increased anxiety, apart from fear, symptoms of depression, and lower quality of sleep, was the most frequently reported mental consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population [75][76][77]. Similar findings were confirmed for health care professionals [78] and patients who had suffered from the symptoms of COVID-19 infection [79].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Duplaga

Grysztar

2021

Healthcare

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Increased anxiety related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in society and specific professional groups has been reported by many authors. Most have applied tools enabling assessing the general traits of anxiety. Tools specifically designed for an assessment of anxiety or fear related to COVID-19 have also been developed. However, no study has assessed the future anxiety in relation to the pandemic. This concept was defined by Zaleski in the end of the 20th century as the state of apprehension, fear, worry, and concern regarding unfavourable changes in the more remote personal future. The aim of this study was an analysis to establish the level and the determinants of future anxiety in Polish society related to the COVID-19 pandemic three months after the introduction of the state of epidemic. The analysis reported in the paper is based on the data obtained through a web-based survey carried out on a representative sample of 1002 Polish adults aged 18–74 years. The hierarchical linear regression model was developed for the analysis of the determinants of future anxiety from the responses to a questionnaire consisting of five items. The independent variables selected for inclusion in the model, apart from sociodemographic characteristics, encompassed health literacy (HL) and ehealth literacy (eHL), perceived health threat related to COVID-19 (PHTC19), and a COVID-19-related conspiracy belief score (CCBS) derived from three items asking about the most popular conspiracy theories. The regression model developed in the final step showed that the future anxiety scale score (FASS) was significantly associated with gender, vocational status, HL, PHTC19, and CCBS. The FASS was lower among men than women (regression coefficient (B) (standard error, SE) = −1.28 (0.39), p = 0.001), among entrepreneurs or farmers rather than among employees of the public or private sector (B(SE) = −1.55, p = 0.010), in persons with a higher HL (B(SE) = −0.43 (0.06), p < 0.001). A higher FASS was observed in respondents with higher rather than lower PHTC19 (B(SE) = 1.49 (0.17), p < 0.001) and in those with a higher CCBS (B(SE) = 0.33 (0.07), p < 0.001). The model accounted for 15.2% of the variance of the FASS. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a cause of increased mental symptoms, but also of increased future anxiety. Health-related measures are significantly associated with the FASS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Duplaga

Grysztar

2021

Healthcare

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“…15 The results had been recorded into five severity categories: 0-4 as 'none', 5-9 as 'mild', 10-14 as 'moderate', 15-19 as 'moderately severe', 20-27 as 'severe'. 11 The respondents were asked six questions to assess their drug use during the pandemic.…”

Section: Data Collection Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Self-reported depression, anxiety, and suicidal attempts were found to be associated with COVID-19 related issues such as self-isolation, quarantine, misinformation, deaths, and others among health workers and the general public. 11 Besides, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on benzodiazepine and alcohol abuse -there was an increase in their abuse in some areas while lockdown caused a shortage and reduced access to benzodiazepine and alcohol in some other areas. 12,13 To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any study to evaluate the relationship between depression and substance use by students due to the COVID-19 lockdown in sub-Saharan Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Depression Severity and the Use of Drugs Among University of Ibadan Students

et al. 2022

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Background: Since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, measures such as nationwide lockdowns have been implemented. The sudden disruption of activities coupled with fear could trigger or aggravate mental illnesses and consequently, increase substance use as a coping mechanism. This study then sought to assess the impact of the lockdown on depression and substance use amongst students in a tertiary institution in Ibadan city, Nigeria. Methods: A self-administered 26 questions online questionnaire was employed for data collection of socio-demographic characteristics, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depression, and a section on the use of psychoactive drugs during lockdown. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM's SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results: We gathered 102 responses, 54.9% were males. Most of the respondents had mild depression (41.2%), followed by 36.3% that reported not having an episode of depression, 15.7% moderate, 4.9% moderately severe, and 2% severe depression. Female had more depressive episodes than males (p=0.185). Only 4% reported substance use since the pandemic, all were male. At a 95% confidence interval, there was no significant association between the level of depression and any socio-demographic characteristics of students and between the level of depression and drug use. Conclusions: According to this study, lockdown and other mitigation strategies implemented during the pandemic were not found to be associated with drug use. A limitation of this study is the cross-sectional design, as a result, a larger multicenter study is needed to ascertain the possible association between lockdown, depressive symptoms, and drug use among students.

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“…While the physical medical care of acute COVID-19 is necessary, as one of the top 25 global illnesses of concern, depressive disorder is costly for individual wellbeing as well as society and the economy, and is a significant factor in suicide, as revealed by a review by Santomauro [6]. Symptoms of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, OCD, suicide, neurological, cognitive, and others have been increasing worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic as the medical, economic, and psychological burdens continued [7][8][9][10]. These effects have proven to be long-lasting in previous pandemics such as MERS and SARS [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptoms of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, OCD, suicide, neurological, cognitive, and others have been increasing worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic as the medical, economic, and psychological burdens continued [7][8][9][10]. These effects have proven to be long-lasting in previous pandemics such as MERS and SARS [9]. Therefore, this study is critical to assess their prevalence in the Jazan region and formulate plans for strengthening mental health along with medical conditions caused by COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the General Population of the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia

Alharbi¹

2022

Cureus

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BackgroundThis study examines the rates of depression associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along with mitigation measures such as lockdown and quarantine in the population of the Jazan region in Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) began mitigation measures before the first case appeared on March 2, 2020, disrupting daily life in a culture that is centered on family life. We sought to assess the psychological impacts of the pandemic on this culturally unique region to see if it affected as many as other reported places in the world. MethodsA self-reporting online questionnaire in Arabic was distributed through social media applications and a convenience sample of 942 participants ≥18 years of age living in the Jazan region was selected. The questionnaire included socio-demographics, economic status, chronic medical conditions, focus on and knowledge of COVID-19, and the patient health questionnaire-9 scale (PHQ-9) for depression metrics.The data in this study were analyzed using descriptive analysis of participant characteristics, followed by Chi-square testing to compare reported depression related to each variable. Finally, to control for confounding factors, we applied multivariate logistic regression to find an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI. ResultsIn the Jazan region, the rate of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic was nearly 26%. There are several significant determinants associated with higher rates of depression in descending order: those with chronic diseases were 160% higher than those without; those with a history of mental illness were 150% higher; participants who focused excessively on the pandemic ≥3 hours daily were 130% higher; participants who were divorced or widowed were 120% higher than singles; females were 87% higher; those under age 40 were 57% higher; students were 50% higher; those reporting low incomes were 40% higher than those with moderate incomes and 60% higher than those with high incomes. ConclusionsStrategies need to be devised to protect vulnerable groups of participants from mental health effects, including depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. This will require the collaboration of various institutions, such as schools and others, to provide support for education and mental health. Future research should be aimed at determining the reasons for this higher vulnerability of some groups.

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The psychiatric effects of COVID-19 thus far: a review of the current literature

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Depression Severity and the Use of Drugs Among University of Ibadan Students

The Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the General Population of the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia

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