The Prussian Regulation of 1900: Early Ethical Standards for Human Experimentation in Germany

Vollmann, Jochen; Winau, Rolf

doi:10.2307/3564006

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…For example, the first internationally significant document, the Nuremberg Code, stressed the need for informed consent in reaction to horrific, dangerous and often fatal experiments conducted on imprisoned Jews and other persecuted minorities. Earlier guidelines in Prussia, as well as many of the U.S. regulations after World War II, were enacted in reaction to research in which, for example, prostitutes, the poor and ethnic minorities were exploited (Katz et al, 1972;Jones, 1993;Vollman and Winau, 1996).…”

Section: Current Regulatory Approaches Toward Payment Of Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

Lemmens

Elliott

1999

Accountability in Research

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Regulatory bodies and scholars have traditionally conceptualized biomedical research on healthy subjects in the same way as research on patients. Guidelines and regulations have portrayed payment to a healthy subject as a potential constraint, or "undue influence," on the subject's free consent. In this essay we suggest an alternative way of conceptualizing research on healthy subjects, which sees the basic issue not as one of undue influence but as one of justice. Healthy subjects generally enroll in research protocols not for humanitarian reasons but for the money they will receive. Many of these protocols are conducted by profit-driven corporations. Yet current guidelines and regulations prohibit subjects from negotiating for fair payment for the risks, discomforts and inconveniences they undergo, and IRBs are not staffed adequately to monitor the subject's safety. We propose to remedy the situation by regulating payment to healthy subjects as a labor relation.

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Section: Current Regulatory Approaches Toward Payment Of Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

Lemmens

Elliott

1999

Accountability in Research

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“…Although it had antecedents in American and German medical ethics,6 7 8 this 10 point statement marked a threshold definition for the duties and responsibilities involved in conducting research on human subjects. It was written to apply to subjects of experimental or non-therapeutic research—where the information sought will not directly benefit the subjects of the research.…”

Section: Not Unique To One Place or Time; They Could Happen Herementioning

confidence: 99%

War crimes and medical science

Lee¹

1996

BMJ

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“…As early as 1898, Albert Neisser in Prussia, who discovered gonococcus, attempted to test serum therapy to prevent syphilis by injecting cell-free serum into patients, most of whom were prostitutes, without their knowledge and consent (Vollmann & Winau, 1996). Eventually some of those injected developed syphilis.…”

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confidence: 97%

Protecting Human Research Subjects: An International Perspective

Wang

Huch

2000

Nurs Sci Q

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not new. As early as 1898, Albert Neisser in Prussia, who discovered gonococcus, attempted to test serum therapy to prevent syphilis by injecting cell-free serum into patients, most of whom were prostitutes, without their knowledge and consent (Vollmann & Winau, 1996). Eventually some of those injected developed syphilis. Since the end of World War II, cutting ethical corners in human experimentation such as this has prompted the international community to call for protecting human research subjects and issuing ethical codes and regulations on the basis of informed consent (Nelson-Marten & Rich, 1999; Oddi & Cassidy, 1990). What kinds of rights do human beings have when they participate in research studies as subjects? What are researchers' moral and legal obligations toward their human subjects? How can researchers ensure the rights of human subjects are being protected? These questions become even more critical as the trend toward international collaborations in research increases (Wichman, Smith, Mills, & Sandler, 1997). To date, researchers in more than 100 countries in the world have collaborated with researchers in the United States. To extend scientific knowledge across countries is to simultaneously extend ethical sensitivity to all involved in research. To this end, this column explores ethical standards, their applications, and the challenges in protecting human subjects in an international arena.

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The Prussian Regulation of 1900: Early Ethical Standards for Human Experimentation in Germany

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

War crimes and medical science

Protecting Human Research Subjects: An International Perspective

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