The Protective Role of Autonomous Motivation Against the Effects of the “Muscular Ideal” on Men’s Self-Objectification, Appearance Schema Activation, and Cognitive Performance

Baker, Amanda; Elnakouri, Abdo; Blanchard, Christopher M.

doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1412322

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Men exposed to the objectifying advertisement underperformed on a visual-spatial task (p = 0.019, d = 0.41). Therefore, Baker et al (2017, Study 2) present compelling evidence that men's cognitive functioning is compromised by SSO. At the same time, greater media objectification and interpersonal objectification of women indicate that women experience SSO more frequently, potentially culminating in poorer outcomes.…”

Section: Gender and Self-objectificationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Five methods were utilized to activate SSO. Participants were exposed to an objectifying advertisement (Baker et al, 2017, Study 2), a room with appearance-related objects (i.e., mirrors, scales, and magazine covers; Tiggemann and Boundy, 2008), an objectifying gaze from a trained confederate of the opposite sex (Gervais et al, 2011;Guizzo and Cadinu, 2017), an appearancerelated comment (Gapinski et al, 2003;Tiggemann and Boundy, 2008), and/or clothing with a high degree of body exposure (Fredrickson et al, 1998, Study 2;Gapinski et al, 2003;Hebl et al, 2004;Quinn et al, 2006;Kozak et al, 2014). In order to evaluate the strength of the relationship between SSO and cognitive performance, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of each SSO induction.…”

Section: Induction Of State Self-objectificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Winn

Cornelius

2020

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectification theorists posit that exposure to sexually objectifying behavior, images, etc., leads women in particular to adopt an objectifying self-perspective. State self-objectification (SSO) (i.e., the internalization of the objectifying gaze) is theorized to usurp individuals' cognitive resources by diverting attention to their bodies. The objective of this paper is to systematically review the literature surrounding self-objectification and cognitive performance. Six databases retrieved 1,779 relevant articles. Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they (a) quantitatively investigated the relationship between SSO and cognitive performance using valid and reliable measures, (b) were published in a peer-reviewed journal between 1997 and 2019, inclusive, and (c) were available in English. Nine studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. As the heterogeneity of the literature precluded meta-analysis, narrative synthesis was employed to review the results. While the quality of the studies was mixed, the results of our review support the contention that self-objectification impairs cognitive functioning. Appearance monitoring, actual-ideal self-discrepancies, negative self-conscious emotions, gender schema activation, and stereotype activation are evaluated as potential mechanisms behind the relationship between state self-objectification and cognitive performance, while chronic (trait) self-objectification is evaluated as a potential moderator.

show abstract

Section: Gender and Self-objectificationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Induction Of State Self-objectificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Winn

Cornelius

2020

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Yet, muscular ideals negatively affect men’s body image outcomes such as self-objectification (i.e. valuing physical appearance over physical competence; Baker et al, 2019; Fredrickson et al, 1998), and muscle dysmorphia (i.e. heightened concern that one is insufficiently muscular; Tod et al, 2016).…”

Section: Size Diversity In Male Advertisingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given observed negative effects of the muscular ideal (e.g. Baker et al, 2019) and men’s increasing levels of body dissatisfaction (Dakanalis et al, 2015), more nuanced knowledge on how diverse imagery could improve men’s body image is required. Moreover, if men resonate with the non-idealized imagery more, advertisements (ads) may have more persuasive power (Diedrichs and Lee, 2010), which might encourage advertisers to include such models more often.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercultural insights on the impact of different non-idealized models on men’s body image and advertising perceptions

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This experiment with 363 Irish and Flemish men aged 19 to 30 years ( M = 23.56, SD = 2.36) investigated exposure to different male model ads (i.e. muscular, slim, plus-size, overall diversity, and no models) on well-being (i.e. body image, low body fat and muscularity attitudes, self-objectification, and self-esteem) and advertising outcomes (i.e. ad attitudes, brand attitudes, and purchase intent). Moderation effects of country and masculinity (i.e. dominance, winning) were investigated. The diversity condition generated more positive effects for low body fat attitudes than the muscular, slim, and no model conditions. Yet, no differences appeared for this outcome between the diversity and plus-size condition. No effects for the other well-being and advertising variables were found. Moderation analyses revealed higher purchase intent in the slim condition for men high in dominance. No effects were found for country and winning. Findings suggest that non-idealized models have protective effects for some men.

show abstract

“…According to recent work, [67] exposure to the media's renowned male muscular ideal led to increased appearance schema activation in a sample of male university students as a function of increased levels of state self-objectification (heightened level of self monitoring). Likewise, others [68] found that exposure to male focused appearance-related commercials significantly stimulated the appearance schema among adolescent boys.…”

Section: Appearance Schemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s Body Image: The Effects of an Unhealthy Body Image on Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Health

Baker¹,

Blanchard²

2018

Weight Loss

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the past two decades, growing empirical efforts have illuminated the need to understand body image disturbances and preoccupations associated with the male experience. Scholars, practitioners, and more recently, public policy are increasingly interested in the nature, causes, and consequences of men's body image apprehensions and weight concerns. This accession is largely due to the fact that men are progressively becoming more visible in popular culture (especially through exceedingly lean and muscular depictions) and concurrently, severe body image-related disorders such as anorexia nervosa among men are on the rise. This chapter aims to provide a review of the consequences associated with men's unhealthy body image including the psychological (e.g., weight distortions and emotional valence), behavioral (e.g., dieting/fasting, substance use, and cosmetic surgery), and cognitive health outcomes particular to the male experience (e.g., appearance schemas, cognitive performance, and cognitive load/malnutrition on cognitive functioning).

show abstract

The Protective Role of Autonomous Motivation Against the Effects of the “Muscular Ideal” on Men’s Self-Objectification, Appearance Schema Activation, and Cognitive Performance

Cited by 5 publications

References 52 publications

Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Intercultural insights on the impact of different non-idealized models on men’s body image and advertising perceptions

Men’s Body Image: The Effects of an Unhealthy Body Image on Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Health

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About