The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal

Tosta, Eduardo

doi:10.37349/ei.2021.00014

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 288 publications

(298 reference statements)

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“…Both humoral immunoglobulin (IgA and IgG) and T cell responses were demonstrated to contribute to protective immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 31 , 32 ]. While sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 appears to be mediated mainly by neutralizing antibodies, cell-mediated immunity, particularly CTL responses, may play a crucial role in reducing the severity of symptoms, in the elimination of infected cells, and in long-term memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

et al. 2022

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic and versatile subunit vaccines composed of multimeric viral proteins that mimic the whole virus but lack genetic material. Due to the lack of infectivity, VLPs are being developed as safe and effective vaccines against various infectious diseases. In this study, we generated a chimeric VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine stably produced by HEK293T cells. The chimeric VLPs contain the influenza virus A matrix (M1) proteins and the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain spike (S) proteins with a deletion of the polybasic furin cleavage motif and a replacement of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail with that of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). These resulting chimeric S-M1 VLPs, displaying S and M1, were observed to be enveloped particles that are heterogeneous in shape and size. The intramuscular vaccination of BALB/c mice in a prime-boost regimen elicited high titers of S-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies. After immunization and a challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice, the S-M1 VLP vaccination resulted in a drastic reduction in viremia, as well as a decreased viral load in the lungs and improved survival rates compared to the control mice. Balanced Th1 and Th2 responses of activated S-specific T-cells were observed. Moderate degrees of inflammation and viral RNA in the lungs and brains were observed in the vaccinated group; however, brain lesion scores were less than in the PBS control. Overall, we demonstrate the immunogenicity of a chimeric VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine which confers strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 viremia in mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

et al. 2022

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“…Антителозависимый эндоцитоз выполняется макрофагами, моноцитами и нейтрофилами, которые распознают через рецепторы к Fcγ, такие как CD16 и CD64 (FcγRI), вирусные частицы в комплексах с IgG и эндоцитируют их. Примечательно, что хотя устойчивые реакции IgM и IgA развивались как у выживших, так и у погибших пациентов с тяжелой формой COVID-19, у невыживших были отмечены ослабленные реакции IgG, сопровождаемые пониженным связыванием рецепторов к Fcγ и эффекторной активностью Fc [15,16]. Это четко указывает на важную роль антителозависимой клеточной цитотоксичности в ликвидации вируса.…”

Section: обзоры литературы | Reviewsunclassified

Modern antiviral biomedical cell products and their applications for COVID-19 therapy

Chikileva

Шубина

Kiselevskiy

2022

Rossijskij bioterapevtičeskij žurnal

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Several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in a short period of time. However, the groups at risk of severe COVID-19 (the elderly, people with suppressed immunity, such as oncological patients, or organ transplantation patients) are the least likely to develop an adequate immune response to vaccination. Therefore, in order to obtain protective reactions in these groups, it is advisable to use such biomedical cell products (BMCP) as dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines loaded with SARS-CoV-2 antigens ex vivo under optimal conditions. In some cases, when vaccination has not been carried out in a timely manner and the risk of a serious disease is high, it is worth-while to take immediate measures to protect the body from the virus that has infected the organism.For this protective action lymphocytes with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) may be suitable. Such receptors recognize antigens using modified antibody domains, without need for presentation within molecules of major histocompatibility complex. Therefore, it is possible to use donor effector CAR lymphocytes, which were prepared in advance, for emergency needs. CAR lymphocytes are currently used primarily for tumor therapy. Until 2020, there was limited research on antiviral CAR lymphocytes. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic intensification of such activities. DCs, which are considered to be the most effective antigen-presenting cells, were also originally used as anti-tumor vaccines. The safety of DC vaccines, their high effectiveness in the presentation of target antigens quickly led researchers to try using DCs also as a therapeutic agent for chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiecy virus.This review summarizes the data on antiviral BMCPs that have been developed so far, with a particular focus on products against COVID-19. It discusses how the results of previous studies can be used to increase the efficiency of anti-COVID-19 BMCP.

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The seven constitutive respiratory defense barriers against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Tosta

2021

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Before eliciting an adaptive immune response, SARS-CoV-2 must overcome seven constitutive respiratory defense barriers. The first is the mucus covering the respiratory tract’s luminal surface, which entraps inhaled particles, including infectious agents, and eliminates them by mucociliary clearance. The second barrier comprises various components present in the airway lining fluid, the surfactants. Besides providing low surface tension that allows efficient gas exchange at the alveoli, surfactants inhibit the invasion of epithelial cells by respiratory viruses, enhance pathogen uptake by phagocytes, and regulate immune cells’ functions. The respiratory tract microbiota constitutes the third defense barrier against SARS-CoV-2. It activates the innate and adaptive immune cells and elicits anti-infectious molecules such as secretory IgA antibodies, defensins, and interferons. The fourth defense barrier comprises the antimicrobial peptides defensins, and lactoferrin. They show direct antiviral activity, inhibit viral fusion, and modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses. Secretory IgA antibodies, the fifth defense barrier, besides protecting the local microbiota against noxious agents, also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell invasion. If the virus overcomes this barrier, it reaches its target, the respiratory epithelial cells. However, these cells also act as a defense barrier, the sixth one, since they hinder the virus’ access to receptors and produce antiviral and immunomodulatory molecules such as interferons, lactoferrin, and defensins. Finally, the sensing of the virus by the cells of innate immunity, the last constitutive defense barrier, elicits a cascade of signals that activate adaptive immune cells and may inhibit the development of productive infection. The subject of the present essay is discussing these mechanisms.

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The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal

Cited by 5 publications

References 288 publications

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

Chimeric Virus-like Particle-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Confers Strong Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Viremia in K18-hACE2 Mice

Modern antiviral biomedical cell products and their applications for COVID-19 therapy

The seven constitutive respiratory defense barriers against SARS-CoV-2 infection

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