The Protective Effects of Developmental Assets on Internalizing Symptoms among Youth Impacted by Parental Incarceration

Struggle Outside Jails: Scoping Review of Impacts and Resiliency Among Children of Incarcerated Parents

“…The results of study by Li and Ang (2019) reveal that behavior problems and delinquency in adolescents can be caused by witnessing criminal acts committed by parents, so these actions are internalized and children imitate them, especially in form of aggressive behavior, overactive behavior, anti-social behavior, and violations. A tendency of addictive substances use is also found in adolescents with incarcerated parents (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Kremer et al, 2020;Morgan et al, 2021;Pfluger et al, 2023).…”

“…Some articles mentioned mental health problems (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Johnson et al, 2018;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Kremer et al, 2020;Li & Ang, 2019;Morgan et al, 2021;Pfluger et al, 2023), effects on school connectedness and academic outcomes (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Long et al, 2022;Nichols et al, 2016), behavior problems and juvenile delinquency (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Johnson et al, 2022;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Kremer et al, 2020;Li & Ang, 2019;Morgan et al, 2021;Pfluger et al, 2023), financial hardship (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Johnson et al, 2018;Morgan et al, 2021), stigmatization and discriminatory social treatment (Johnson et al, 2018;Li & Ang, 2019;Long et al, 2022;Morgan et al, 2021), and family dysfunction (Johnson et al, 2018;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Kremer et al, 2020;Long et al, 2022;Nichols et al, 2016). Additionally, inclusion articles also describe the resilience of children with incarcerated parents (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Johnson et al, 2018;Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Kremer et al, 2020;Long et al, 2022;Morgan et al, 2021;Nichols et al, 2016;Pfluger e...…”

“…The main impact for children with incarcerated parents mentioned by many articles is mental health problems. The mental health problems they face are psychological stress and trauma (Morgan et al, 2021), depression (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Johnson et al, 2018;Kremer et al, 2020;Morgan et al, 2021), anxiety (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Morgan et al, 2021), hyperactivity (Bomysoad & Francis, 2022;Kremer et al, 2020), self-withdrawal (Kremer et al, 2020), narcissism (Li & Ang, 2019), callous-unemotional traits (Li & Ang, 2019), low selfesteem (Kjellstrand et al, 2020) feelings of isolation (Morgan et al, 2021); and suicidal tendencies (Kjellstrand et al, 2020;Pfluger et al, 2023).…”

“…Adolescents without parental arrest history or with prior parental arrest history (where the adolescents' parents have been released at this time) tend to be easier to improve developmental assets compared to children with parents who are still currently incarcerated, due to the presence of acute trauma and the consequences encountered. Nonetheless, according to Pfluger et al (2023), these adolescents can still improve developmental assets with other additional protective factors, such as connectedness to the school and support from the surrounding environment, involvement of parents who though imprisoned in the care process through visits and quality communication, and participation in religious activities.…”

“…Nichols et al, (2016),Johnson et al (2018),Kjellstrand et al (2020),Kremer et al (2020),Morgan et al (2021),Bomysoad and Francis (2022),Long et al (2022), andPfluger et al (2023) in their studies explained the concept of resilience in children with parental incarceration.…”