The protective effect of Kombucha against silver nanoparticles‐induced toxicity on testicular tissue in NMRI mice

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) can pass from the cell membrane and testicular blood barrier due to their small size, and by increasing oxidative stress they cause disorder in the male reproductive system. Kombucha is a traditional fermented drink with detoxification and potent antioxidant properties. We aimed to examine the protective effect of Kombucha against the damages due to SNPs on the testis tissue. In this experimental study, NMRI mice were randomly separated into four groups (n = 6), namely control (distilled water), SNPs (500 mg/kg), Kombucha extract (9 ml/kg) and SNPs + Kombucha, and were treated with gavage for 35 days. A significant decrease in testosterone level and total antioxidant capacity, and a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration was observed in the SNPs group in comparison with the control group. Histological studies on the testis of mice treated with SNPs showed vacuolation, decrease in generational epithelium thickness, seminiferous tubules diameter, testis volume and the number of spermatozoa in lumen of the seminiferous tubule and increase in the volume of interstitial space while the mentioned parameters were improved in the SNPs + Kombucha group compared to the SNPs group. Kombucha reduces the adverse effects of SNPs on testis tissue and improves the function of the male reproductive system.

Beneficial effects of Spirulina platensis on mice testis damaged by silver nanoparticles

“…Different studies have proven the improvement effects of SP (300 mg/kg) against toxic metals (Bashandy et al, 2015) and doxorubicin (Eleiwa et al, 2018) in mice and rats. In this study, AgNPs exhibited an increase in MDA level and a decrease in TAC level, our findings were similar to previous research (Elsharkawy et al, 2019; Shariatzadeh et al, 2021). AgNPs promote ROS generation via disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby increase in lipid peroxidation.…”

“…Herein, an increase in the LH level following the AgNPs treated group may be due to the negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis because of reduced in testosterone level, which causes an increase in LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) from the hypothalamus (Rato et al, 2012). Additionally, the previous studies have shown testosterone decrease in the AgNPs treated rodents (Shariatzadeh et al, 2021). However, have reported different results regarding the testosterone alteration induced by AgNPs toxicity (Cavallin et al, 2018;Garcia et al, 2014).…”

Putative adverse outcome pathways for silver nanoparticle toxicity on mammalian male reproductive system: a literature review

“…Lipid peroxidation following Ag NP exposure has also been identified in our database. Lipid peroxidation byproducts including malondialdehyde (MDA), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) have been shown to be significantly increased in serum, testicular tissue or in reproductive cells exposed to Ag NPs [ 46 , 96 , 98 , 103 , 104 ]. ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation is shown in at least two studies out of the 48 studies [ 38 , 88 ].…”

“…In studies examining oxidative stress, the intracellular level of ROS has often been evaluated using a fluorescent probe such as H2-DCF-DA [ 95 , 97 , 105 ]. MDA content in ELISA methods can be used to detect lipid peroxidation, which is one of the main indicators of oxidative stress [ 90 , 94 , 98 ]. With commercial kits, GSH levels and total antioxidant capacities can be measured, as well as analyzed at the level of antioxidant biomolecules and enzymes such as CAT, SOD [ 96 , 104 , 155 ].…”

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“…Herbs such as rosemary are excellent sources of antioxidants with their high content of phenolic compounds. [35]…”