“…This study indicated decreased concentration, motility, and viability of sperm in rats with varicocele after 2 months and also reduction in the same parameters and the membrane integrity of sperm after 4 months compared to healthy rats (p < .05). Several studies have reported the same results as those of the present study and documented increased concentration, motility, viability (Hassani-Bafrani et al, 2019;Najaran et al, 2019), and membrane integrity of sperm in the varicocele disease (Vivas-Acevedo et al, 2014). The high levels of ROS, however, have a direct correlation with a decrease in spermatozoa count, motility, morphology, and membrane integrity (Agarwal et al, 2014).…”