“…As noted above, among the objectives of ALPARC and the CNPA are to create spatially contiguous ecological networks at a regional scale, beyond the boundaries of protected areas. For the Alps, this began through the ECONNECT project, managed by ALPARC from 2008 to 2011 with support from the European Commission's Alpine Space programme (Walzer et al, 2013); preliminary work has also been done for the Carpathians (Alberton, 2013). Such approaches have been operationalized in the concept of connectivity conservation, which is ''defined using biodiversity conservation criteria, but also includes social and institutional dimensions.…”