The Prospects of Economic Reform in North Korea: Comparisons with China, Vietnam and Yugoslavia

Organizational innovation culture and firms’ new product performance in two emerging markets: The moderating effects of institutional environments and organizational cohesion

“…Generally, the different institutional environments refer to different paths of development, political systems, market environments, legal frameworks, and levels of policy support in the two countries. First, Vietnam's economic reforms started slightly later than China's, and its market system is still in its initial stage (Szalontai & Choi, 2012). For this reason, it has been challenging to achieve organizational change, as it entails thorough systemic reforms throughout a firm to adapt to changes in various internal and external environments.…”

“…According to the Global Innovation Index published by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), China is now ranked among the top 25 most innovative countries. However, as discussed, Vietnam's market economy started somewhat later than China's (Szalontai & Choi, 2012), and it was not particularly urbanized or industrialized (Islam, 2008). Second, the national cultures between the two countries are different, which may have also influenced their respective organizational cultures.…”

Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on the Most Centralized Country: Evidence from Gaeseong Industrial Complex in North Korea

“…Existing studies on FDI in international business have predominantly focused on the direct and indirect economic effects of FDI, such as foreign currency acquisition (Buckley et al, 2002) and economic spillover (Blomström & Kokko, 1998;Eden, 2009;Spencer, 2008). However, FDI is expected to have not only economic but also political and institutional effects (e.g., Levy, 2003;Szalontai & Choi, 2012), especially in a centralized economy. To observe these diverse FDI effects more comprehensively, of the expected effects, such as conventional spillover, economic and political reforms, and military détente, is the spread of experiences in the GIC to the rest of North Korea, but GIC experiences are not diffused.…”

“…As an increasing number of North Korean workers in the GIC observe freedom and higher living standards that South Koreans enjoy, the demand for new systems would increase. Thus, from top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, the GIC is believed to be a step toward economic transformation (Heo, ; Szalontai & Choi, ). However, a significant movement toward economic reforms in North Korea cannot be found even after 10 years of operation in the GIC.…”

North Korea’s Shadow Economy: A Force for Authoritarian Resilience or Corrosion?

“…On information in the DPRK shadow market see Choi (2013) and specifically on subversive rhetoric in them, see Joo (2014). For a history and comparative analysis of DPRK economic reform efforts, see Szalontai & Choi (2011). 2 The pages of this journal were a prominent forum for analysis of the Soviet second economy.…”