The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology

Abstract

A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox’s advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic’s reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.

The Global Health Threat of Monkeypox Virus: Understanding Its Biology, Transmission, and Potential Therapeutic Interventions

“…MPXV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade the host’s immune response, including inhibiting apoptosis, blocking interferon activity, and manipulating cytokine responses. 10 , 11 These mechanisms enable the virus to establish infection, propagate within the host, and contribute to the severity of the disease.…”

“…The immune response to MPXV is a complex interplay involving both innate and adaptive immunity. 11 , 18 Innate Immunity: This is the body’s first line of defense against MPXV. Upon infection, the host’s innate immune system recognizes the virus through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the virus.…”

Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models

“…At present, the treatment for HMPX is primarily supportive, and antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir come with serious adverse effects. Additionally, only three FDA-approved vaccines have shown efficacy in clinical trials; however, there are currently no available data on their real-world effectiveness [ 8 ]. The long-term and rapid transmission in non-endemic regions worldwide has raised concerns about the potential evolution of MPXV into a more lethal pathogen.…”