The Prospective Non-Conventional Alternate and Renewable Energy Sources in Pakistan—A Focus on Biomass Energy for Power Generation, Transportation, and Industrial Fuel

Tareen, Wajahat Ullah Khan; Anjum, Zuha; Yasin, N. Mohamed; Siddiqui, Leenah; Farhat, Ifzana; Malik, Suheel Abdullah; Mekhilef, Saad; Seyedmahmoudian, Mehdi; Horan, Ben; Darwish, Mohamed; Aamir, Muhammad; Chek, Leong Wen

doi:10.3390/en11092431

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Biomass energy can be used to produce almost all energy carriers, and its efficiency depends on the large variety of biomass feedstock, different energy extraction and conversion methods, and the manner in which the biomass is produced and collected. Thus, it can be considered as a versatile RES that is able to bridge the energy supply and demand gap in different energy applications such as electricity, transport, and buildings (Tareen et al 2018). However, according to the analyzed research, bioenergy and biofuels seem to be much more expensive and less efficient than equivalent fossil-based energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers

Rana

Lombardi

Giungato

et al. 2020

Administrative Sciences

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The scarcity of fossil fuels and their environmental impact as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have prompted governments around the world to both develop research and foster the use of renewable energy sources (RES), such as biomass, wind, and solar. Therefore, although these efforts represent potential solutions for fossil fuel shortages and GHG emission reduction, some doubts have emerged recently regarding their energy efficiency. Indeed, it is very useful to assess their energy gain, which means quantifying and comparing the amount of energy consumed to produce alternative fuels. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze the trend of the academic literature of studies concerning the indices of the energy return ratio (ERR), such as energy return on energy invested (EROEI), considering biomass, wind and solar energy. This could be useful for institutions and to public organizations in order to redefine their political vision for realizing sustainable socio-economic systems in line with the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Results showed that biomass seems to be more expensive and less efficient than the equivalent fossil-based energy, whereas solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have reached mature and advanced levels of technology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers

Rana

Lombardi

Giungato

et al. 2020

Administrative Sciences

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“…Substituting (78) and (79) in (80) and then taking the derivative, the following mathematical relationship is found.…”

Section: ) Direct Power Control (Dpc) With Grid-tied Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design and Model Predictive Control of Standalone HRES: A Real Case Study for Residential Demand Side Management

et al. 2020

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Conventional electricity generation is one of the greatest sources of CO 2 emissions. For a successful transformation of conventional energy systems into non-polluting and renewable energy systems, technology-focused traditional systems and economics must be combined for a more accurate holistic viewpoint with consideration of socio-political, technical, economic and environmental factors. Hybrid energy systems are considered the most feasible solution to the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources (RERs). Different renewable sources such as wind, solar, and hydrogen fuel cells can be integrated to form hybrid systems. An energy management strategy (EMS) is a strategy for power flow coordination among different components, by considering power demand and other constraints. The choice for an accurate EMS is the key element of a hybrid system as it is instrumental in providing an optimum solution of the hybrid system design and operation management. The objective of the optimization is to find suitable configurations for cost-effective solutions. Optimization and EMS must be treated as one entity to completely understand the system design. This study focuses on a techno-economic analysis with an optimized sizing of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) components to meet the residential load demand of a specific area in Pakistan. Nine different scenarios based on the PV-wind-diesel-BSS-converter system are investigated in terms of total net present cost (TNPC), Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to find the optimal system design. HOMER Pro software is used to develop the HRES model and for simulation analysis, with optimal sizing of each component for an economical solution. Simulation studies established that PV-wind-BSS-converter is the best suitable choice for the given location, and the optimal component sizes were determined. The TNPC of this system is $ 47,398 and the LCOE is $ 0.309/kWh. This represents an 81.7 % decrease in overall cost, compared to the base case (diesel only) and a 100% reduction in harmful gases while satisfying 100 % of the energy requirement with a 63.9 % of the surplus. MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for the optimum HRES system design. Its validity is tested by maintaining bus voltages (dc and ac), the secure operation range of storage SOC and real power balance among different components of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), and an effective ac voltage, irrespective of external perturbations. Model predictive control (MPC) is regarded as a high-performing algorithm. Since power converters are largely applied in microgrids (MGs), the problem formulation with MPC for a reconfigurable bidirectional voltage source converter (VSC) is applied in this work for hybrid MG. The inevitable fluctuations due to the linear and non-linear loads and the nature of renewable sources are addressed. The regulation of ac voltage is implemented through a finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) based active front end (AFE) rectifier, while...

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“…Experience through Renewable Energy (RE) Policy 2006, together with international standards and best practices, will form the foundation for a more robust ARE Policy system, 2019 [25]. Most of the substantial and smart incentives of RE Policy 2006 are carried forward by this to uphold the investor's confidence [106,108]. It continued to put more emphasis on the hostile growth of grid connected ARET (alternative renewable energy technologies) applications as well as a programmatic advancement of distributed power generation market on more viable terms.…”

Section: ) Renewable Energy Development In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Scenario in South Asia: Analytical Assessment and Policy Implications

et al. 2020

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In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This paper offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region.

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The Prospective Non-Conventional Alternate and Renewable Energy Sources in Pakistan—A Focus on Biomass Energy for Power Generation, Transportation, and Industrial Fuel

Cited by 42 publications

References 97 publications

Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers

Trends in Scientific Literature on Energy Return Ratio of Renewable Energy Sources for Supporting Policymakers

Optimal Design and Model Predictive Control of Standalone HRES: A Real Case Study for Residential Demand Side Management

Energy Scenario in South Asia: Analytical Assessment and Policy Implications

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