The Proportion of Granular and Barred Forms of Bacillus Diphtheriae in Throat Cultures

Schultz, Oscar T.

doi:10.1093/infdis/6.5.610

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“…These may be associated with differences in geographical distribution. For example, Schultz (1909) found that in Cleveland, U.S.A., during the twelve months covered by the investigation, "barred" forms of the diphtheria bacillus had almost disappeared; during the same period in Boston and Providence another observer noted that "barred" forms were unusually common while "granular" forms were very rarely met with.…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 98%

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The transmutation of bacteria

Gurney-Dixon¹

1919

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ability of B. typhosus to ferment). Same principle governs development of races. Absence of reversion does not imply inability to revert (pigment SYNOPSIS xvii production by B. rw^er-mycelial development of B. diph.). Tendency to revert does not imply loss of specific character. Variation differs from transmutation in degree alone. Transmutation differs from evolution in degree alone. Analogy of different branches of family. Possibility of transmutation. Saprophytic and parasitic pneumococcus. Other examples already discussed (Chap. viii). Experiments suggesting transmutation already discussed (Chap. ix). 1st series, strains not guaranteed pure, results explained by variation. 2nd series, results explained by variation, secondary invasion not excluded. Transmutation improbable. Enzyme theory of disease. (140-152) CHAPTER XI THE ENZYME THEORY OF DISEASE Predicates disease not due to bacteria but to their ferments. (1) Acquisition and loss of pathogenic powers. (2) Different organisms may cause same type of disease-rabies due to B. diph. (3) Same organism causes different types of disease-in different epidemics {B. injlitenzae)-cases differ in same epidemic-scarlet fever and puei-peral fever-M. catarrhalis infection simulating other diseases, coryza, influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, cerebrospinal fever. (4) Same conditions influence virulence and fermenting power, (a) antiseptics, (&) oxygenvirulence of cholera, toxicity of B. diph., fermenting power of B. dysent., of streptococcus, (c) temperature-optimum temperature-digestive enzyme in cold blooded animalsgerm barley-^m arine enzymes-fermenting power of B. colivirulence of B. diph., B. tetani, B. anthraci*, etc.-enzymes killed at 60°C. and virulence destroyed, {d) sunlight, («) symbiosis-tetanus and pyogenic cocci, B. coli and B. dentrificans. (5) Virulence due to "passage" through an animal and fermenting power due to growth in a sugar, (a) specific, (6) repeated inoculations or subcultures more effective, (c) power readily acquired is easily maintained, {d) if recently lost is quickly regained. (6) Intrar and extra-cellular toxins-^i ntra-and extra-cellular enzymes, yeast, digestive enzymes-emulsion of gland or bacteria more potent. (7) Virulence associated with fermenting properties-M. catarrhalis, gonococcus and meningococcus, Hofmann's bacillus and Klebs-LoefBer bacillus, B. coli-both due to adaptation? (8) Living tissues defended by enzymes. (9) Other functions of bacteria due to enzymes-influenced by same conditions as virulence, e.g. pigment formation. (10) These ferments separable from bacteria-enzyme which liquefies gelatin survives bacteriapasses filter soluble. (11) M. ureae-enzyme separable. (12) Isolation of pathogenic enzymes (pneumococcus). (13) Bacteria deprived of a pathogenic function by environment-same conditions influence ferment activity, {a) ultra violet rayspathogenesis of B. anthracis, (b) oxygenpower of pneumococcus to xviu SYNOPSIS produce skin lesion, (c) growth in milk-fermentation by B. coli, rash in scarlet feve...

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Section: IImentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Differences in characters are sometimes associated with differences in geographical distribution. Thus Schultz (1909) 14 CONDITIONS MODIFYING…”

Section: Conditions Modifying the Chakactees Of Bacteeiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The transmutation of bacteria

Gurney-Dixon¹

1919

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“…These maybe associated with differences in geographical distribution. For example, Schultz (1909) found that in Cleveland, U.S.A., during the twelve months covered by the investigation, "barred" forms of the diphtheria bacillus had almost disappeared; during the same period in Boston and Providence another observer noted that "barred" forms were unusually common while "granular" forms were very rarely met with.…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Differences in characters are sometimes associated with differences in (jeograpluccd distribution. ThusSchultz (1909)…”

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confidence: 99%

The transmutation of bacteria

Gurney-Dixon¹

1919

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XV pigment formation. The meningococcus and M. catarrhalis-morpho-<5g7-f^^ni^wting propertiespathogenesis-mixed infection-habitat. The meningvcoccus and the pneumococciis-sjinptoms produced-common complications-seasonal prevalence-age incidence and mortalitydistribution. Such transition less credible than it appearsbut not less credible than instances known to occur-saprophytic and parasitic types of pneumococcus. Conclusions. (107-115) CHAPTER IX SUPPOSED IXSTAXCES OF TRANSMUTATION BROUGHT ABOUT EXPERIMENTALLY I. Major Horrocks's experiments {Journal of R.A.M.C. Vol. xvi). Importance of the claims made by him. Criticism. Possibilities to be consideredpurity of original strain, peritoneum possibly not sterile, possible contamination from skin, possible invasion from gut before or after death, continuity of strain not confirmed by reversion or presence of intermediate forms, different results obtained on repeating experiments, results possibly explained by variation. Criticism. Conclusions. II. Relationship between paratyphoid organisms. A. Schmitfs experiments. Experiment I. "Fliigge" type given to calf in food, injected beneath skin-second strain isolated from blood Experiment II, Second strain injected into nasopharynx of second calf-third strain isolated from blood and injected into vein, fourth strain recovered after deathlater strains resembled B. Gaertner in agglutination. Possible fallacies, (a) contamination in original strain ? (b) contamination in bodies of calves ?-not absolutely excluded by agglutination tests B. Gaertner in intestines of healthy calves, possible increase in numbers and virulence due to local inflammation, might lead to systemic invasion, (cf. saprophytes in inflamed uterus) and fresh agglutination reactions of blood serum.. E.rperiments of Miihlens, Dahm, and Farnt.^lice fed on infected meat-faeces of some contained B. Aerti^ck^of others B. Gaertner-due to transmutation ? Possible fallacies, (a) contamination of original source ? {h) contamination in bodies of mice ?-control B. Aertryck in healthy mice, presence possibly overlooked ?their appearance favoured by inflammation and disturbed function of bowel. C. Ttie Autho7''s experiments. Experiment I. Guineapigs given B. Gaertner in food B. Gaertner and B. Aertryck isolated from faeces at different timescontrol-two organisms transmutable I-intestinal bacteria undetected if few in number-disturbed function of bowel reveals their presence-multiply in inflamed intestine (cf. B. call in cliolera)-such factors may explain result of exi)erimentqualificationjjroof tliat in disordered intestine unsuspected organisms make their ajjpearance. Experiment II. Faeces of six guineapigs examined B. proteus found in one caseguinea-xvi SYNOPSIS pigs given unwholesome food-ftieces again examined B. proteus found in four cases. Conclusions-suggest presence of secondary invaders in experiments quotedpossible error from identifying organism by agglutination variable agglutination of paratyphoid organisms. Application to experiments quoted. Results no evide...

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“…As a working classification, and based upon the appearances of the microorganisms after being stained with Loeffler's methylene blue, Wesbrook, Wilson, and McDaniel grouped the morphological forms into granular rods, barred rods and solid-staining rods. Granular-barred forms were reported later (Schultz, 1909). These various rod forms may be grouped into four major groups, viz.…”

Section: Cell Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Morton¹

1940

Bacteriological Reviews

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The Proportion of Granular and Barred Forms of Bacillus Diphtheriae in Throat Cultures

Cited by 4 publications

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The transmutation of bacteria

The transmutation of bacteria

The transmutation of bacteria

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

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