The properties of oxide and water films formed during the atmospheric exposure of iron and low alloy steels

Eichhorn, K.‐J.; Forker, W.

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(88)90114-x

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is important to highlight that induction pits not only contribute to the breakdown of this oxide layer but also catalyze corrosion in their vicinity, leading to the formation of the roughened shallow basins that feature an RMS roughness that is around 10× higher than their uncorroded surroundings (Figs 2c and 3b ). On account of their substantial depth (>100 nm), these basins are expected to be fully activated since the surface retreat in these zones is much larger than the typical thickness of the oxide layers (i.e., passivated or not) that form on steel surfaces up on exposure to air, or caustic solutions 41 – 43 . As such, the formation of these basins clearly marks an increase in localized corrosion activity that results from acidification caused by oxygen consumption during pitting corrosion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct observation of pitting corrosion evolutions on carbon steel surfaces at the nano-to-micro- scales

Guo

Plante

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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The Cl−-induced corrosion of metals and alloys is of relevance to a wide range of engineered materials, structures, and systems. Because of the challenges in studying pitting corrosion in a quantitative and statistically significant manner, its kinetics remain poorly understood. Herein, by direct, nano- to micro-scale observations using vertical scanning interferometry (VSI), we examine the temporal evolution of pitting corrosion on AISI 1045 carbon steel over large surface areas in Cl−-free, and Cl−-enriched solutions. Special focus is paid to examine the nucleation and growth of pits, and the associated formation of roughened regions on steel surfaces. By statistical analysis of hundreds of individual pits, three stages of pitting corrosion, namely, induction, propagation, and saturation, are quantitatively distinguished. By quantifying the kinetics of these processes, we contextualize our current understanding of electrochemical corrosion within a framework that considers spatial dynamics and morphology evolutions. In the presence of Cl− ions, corrosion is highly accelerated due to multiple autocatalytic factors including destabilization of protective surface oxide films and preservation of aggressive microenvironments within the pits, both of which promote continued pit nucleation and growth. These findings offer new insights into predicting and modeling steel corrosion processes in mid-pH aqueous environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct observation of pitting corrosion evolutions on carbon steel surfaces at the nano-to-micro- scales

Guo

Plante

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…As a first fitting step, the optical properties of the cleaned bare steel substrate were measured as a function of wavelength between 428 and 763 nm at three angles of incidence, namely, 60, 65 and 70° (with respect to the sample normal). Optical parameters for iron (the main component of steel) and the oxide layer were known from Eichhorn's work38, 39 on this material. We used a Cauchy function to fit the wavelength dependence of the refractive index n of the oxide layer: …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this, the parameters for the substrate were calculated by a simultaneous fit of the optical constants n and k for iron metal and the primary oxide layer, starting values taken from the analyzing software database40 and from Eichhorn's work, respectively 38, 39. A value of 1.00 was used for the refractive index of air.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single and Double Polymer Layer Arrangements of Acid Groups Containing Cellulose and Basic Groups Containing Polyethyleneimine on Steel

Plagge

Adler

Jaehne

et al. 2007

Macro Materials & Eng

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This paper presents the first results of a project aimed at investigating the arrangement of polyelectrolyte layers on unalloyed steel. We studied the structure of double and single polymer layers consisting of cellulose phosphate (HP‐PP‐C) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Layers were characterized by variable angle ellipsometry, AFM and XPS. In particular, XPS indicated the incorporation of iron ions into cellulose phosphate layers, but, in contrast, these ions could not be observed in PEI layers. Results indicated that the homogeneity and qualitative corrosion performance of double layers (HP‐PP‐C/PEI) on unalloyed steel depend on the deposition of cellulose phosphate at the interface with steel.magnified image

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“…In 1988 Forker und Eichhorn discovered that especially Cor‐Ten A in humid atmosphere shows a higher adsorption rate of sulphur dioxide molecules than other iron and steel types. For the authors this was caused by the large number of alloying partners offered to react with the sulphur dioxide gas 7. As a summary of all results, Fischer concluded that especially elements such as copper, chromium and phosphor form under the influence of sulphur dioxide gas hardly soluble and alkaline sulphates, hydroxides as well phosphates.…”

Section: Atmospheric Corrosion Of Weathering Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To coat or not to coat? The maintenance of Cor‐Ten® sculptures

Decker¹,

Brüggerhoff

Eggert

2008

Materials & Corrosion

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Since the mid sixties Cor-Ten 1 steel became one of the most famous materials for outdoor sculptures until today. This material was used by many artists because of its good weather resistance. Due to not always suitable ranges of application many significant problems in the field of conservation appeared.These were surveyed in a project of the study programme 'Object Conservation' at the State Academy of Art and Design Stuttgart with special focus on the material and its protective rust layers, the premises for its protection, different cases of significant damage and their causes, the potential of preventive conservation and practised interventive methods.Although it seems to be in some way a contradiction in itself to coat a weathering steel, this has often been done in hands-on conservation to overcome corrosion problems. Therefore different coating materials already in use for outdoor metal sculptures were tested on Cor-Ten coupons in the framework of the CONSIST project in the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum (DBM). Cor-Ten B samples were covered with different coating materials such as: microcrystalline waxes, waxes used in technical corrosion protection, an acrylic resin and a polyurethane resin. The sheets were then weathered for 2 months in a climate chamber with a relative high humidity (but also drying cycles) and a climate chamber with a periodic changing relative high rate of SO 2 gas and humidity using standard protocols developed at DBM in earlier projects. The effectiveness of the protective function of each coating materials is compared, consequences for practical applications discussed.

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The properties of oxide and water films formed during the atmospheric exposure of iron and low alloy steels

Cited by 25 publications

References 14 publications

Direct observation of pitting corrosion evolutions on carbon steel surfaces at the nano-to-micro- scales

Direct observation of pitting corrosion evolutions on carbon steel surfaces at the nano-to-micro- scales

Single and Double Polymer Layer Arrangements of Acid Groups Containing Cellulose and Basic Groups Containing Polyethyleneimine on Steel

To coat or not to coat? The maintenance of Cor‐Ten® sculptures

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