The properties and performance of carbon produced through the electrochemical reduction of molten carbonate: A study based on step potential electrochemical spectroscopy

Hughes, M.; Allen, J. A.; Donne, Scott W.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.045

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The chemical bonding environments present at the surface of the optimized carbon material was examined through FTIR (Figure ). Based on previous research, this form of carbon is expected to show some degree of oxygen functionality, which appears as peaks in the examined FTIR spectra. The locations of small peaks in the FTIR spectrum for optimized carbon were identified using spectral derivatives.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Carbons were synthesized using methods previously described . In brief, carbon electrodeposition was achieved in three‐electrode cells containing molten Li 2 CO 3 −K 2 CO 3 −Na 2 CO 3 at the eutectic composition (43.5 : 25 : 31.5 mol%, mp 397 °C), which is referred to hereafter as ternary carbonate or the ternary carbonate system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31,39,42,43] The research presented here continues from the work of this group, [27,28] which has shown how temperature, current density, substrate, and electrolyte variation influences the morphology of carbonate derived carbons, and how these morphological changes relate to aqueous supercapacitive performance in the materials. [27,28] This has indicated that electrochemical performance in aqueous systems is at its highest for materials showing elevated amorphous character, which contributes to increased double layer formation, [28] and high oxygen functionalization, which leads to high pseudo-capacitance. [28] These carbons may be produced through the electroreduction of molten carbonates at low temperatures [23][24][25]28,[29][30][31] or at low current densities relative to the geometric surface area of the working electrode.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Ternary carbonate was prepared from solid Li 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 precursors (Sigma-Aldrich; > 99 %) as previously described by this group. [27,28] Ternary carbonate systems were fused at 500°C for 1 hour under a 60 mL.min À 1 CO 2 flow (BOC gases; Food Grade), which reduced carbonate decomposition and regenerated consumed carbonate ions in the molten salt via: [25]…”

Section: Experimental Section Carbon Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One potential method of achieving this is the synthesis of carbons through the electrolytic reduction of molten carbonate salts. [4,5,9,[23][24][25][26] This method of carbon synthesis has received considerable interest in recent years, both by this group [26][27][28] and a range of further…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

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Electrochemical reduction of a molten Li2CO3−Na2CO3−K2CO3 eutectic is used to produce highly amorphous carbon with considerable oxygen functionalization in a process focusing on the conversion of CO2 to value‐added carbon. Electrochemical characterization of materials using multiple techniques in different electrolytes allowed for the optimization of these materials as electrochemical capacitor electrodes. Variation in capacitive performance of the investigated materials has been provided based on their physical characteristics. The synthesized carbons are hybrid materials, showing both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer contributions to the total performance. Annealing under nitrogen at 800 °C is shown to widen pores in the carbon material, resulting in an increase in medium scan rate (5–10 mV.s−1) capacitance. A stable specific capacitance of 425 F.g−1 is obtained at 5 mV s−1 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 after 1000 cycles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Experimental Section Carbon Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Carbons and Fuels: Recent Advances of CO₂ Conversion in Molten Salts

Ren

et al. 2020

ChemSusChem

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Dedicated to Prof. Mingyuan He on the occasion of his 80th birthday. The massive release of the greenhouse gas CO 2 has resulted in numerous environmental issues. In searching for advanced technologies for CO 2 capture/conversions, recent advances in electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in molten salts shed a light on potential solutions to CO 2 mitigation. Electro-reduction of CO 2 in molten salts exhibits features like high selectivity and efficiency towards sustainable carbons and fuels, low toxicity, and possibility to combine with in situ CO 2 capture. In this Minireview, we highlight the tuning of the products in this process and mainly discuss two categories of electrolyte, carbonate-based molten salts (CMS) and those based on halides (HMS). Depending on the synthetic conditions, fuels such as CO or hydrocarbons (in the presence of hydrogen source, i. e., LiOH, NaOH, or KOH in the electrolyte) as well as high-value nanostructured carbons including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nano-onions, and graphene can be obtained with high efficiency. The synthesis parameters are compared, and the applications of as-obtained carbons are briefly summarized. Additionally, some perspectives on this technology are also discussed. 2. CO 2 Conversion in Carbonate-Based Molten Salts 2.1. Fundamentals of carbonate molten salts Molten carbonates, including alkali metal and alkali earth metal carbonates, are commonly used as electrolytes for electrolysis [a] A

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Molten salt electro‐preparation of graphitic carbons

Zhu

Gao

et al. 2023

Exploration

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Graphite has been used in a wide range of applications since the discovery due to its great chemical stability, excellent electrical conductivity, availability, and ease of processing. However, the synthesis of graphite materials still remains energy-intensive as they are usually produced through a high-temperature treatment (>3000 • C). Herein, we introduce a molten salt electrochemical approach utilizing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or amorphous carbons as raw precursors for graphite synthesis. With the assistance of molten salts, the processes can be conducted at moderate temperatures (700-850 • C). The mechanisms of the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 and amorphous carbons into graphitic materials are presented. Furthermore, the factors that affect the graphitization degree of the prepared graphitic products, such as molten salt composition, working temperature, cell voltage, additives, and electrodes, are discussed. The energy storage applications of these graphitic carbons in batteries and supercapacitors are also summarized. Moreover, the energy consumption and cost estimation of the processes are reviewed, which provides perspectives on the large-scale synthesis of graphitic carbons using this molten salt electrochemical strategy.

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The properties and performance of carbon produced through the electrochemical reduction of molten carbonate: A study based on step potential electrochemical spectroscopy

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Sustainable Carbons and Fuels: Recent Advances of CO₂ Conversion in Molten Salts

Molten salt electro‐preparation of graphitic carbons

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The properties and performance of carbon produced through the electrochemical reduction of molten carbonate: A study based on step potential electrochemical spectroscopy

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Optimized Electrolytic Carbon and Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Capacitors

Sustainable Carbons and Fuels: Recent Advances of CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts

Molten salt electro‐preparation of graphitic carbons

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Product

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Sustainable Carbons and Fuels: Recent Advances of CO₂ Conversion in Molten Salts