The promise of nanotechnology for separation devices – from a top‐down approach to nature‐inspired separation devices

Eijkel, Jan C.T.; Berg, Albert van den

doi:10.1002/elps.200500727

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…34 One of the earliest promises of microfabrication was uniform, regular stationary phases to simplify fabrication and minimize dispersion from random packing. 35 More recently, examples of nanopillar arrays for biomolecule separations based on Ogston sieving, reptation, and entropic recoil have been reported.…”

Section: Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices

2009

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As the field of nanofluidics matures, fundamental discoveries are being applied to lab-on-a-chip analyses. The unique behavior of matter at the nanoscale is adding new functionality to devices that integrate nanopores or nanochannels. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry website at pubs. acs.org/journal/ancham.)Advances in microfabrication and miniaturized analysis have resulted in increasingly sophisticated microfluidic systems that are fulfilling the promise of true "labs-on-a-chip" or "micro total analysis systems" by integrating multiple processing steps on a single device.1 Furthermore, improved fabrication techniques have placed the nanoscale regime within reach, even for laboratories with limited fabrication facilities. 2 These advances are allowing scientists to explore fluidic systems containing conduits that approach molecular-length scales. Incorporation of biological and synthetic nanochannels in fluidic devices holds great promise for new analytical applications because there are forces and phenomena at this scale that are absent or negligible in larger microchannels.3 Critical considerations in designing these devices include double-layer overlap (DLO) and the resulting ion permselectivity; localized enhancement of electric fields; and the increased influence of diffusion, surface-to-volume ratio, surface charge, and entropy. Through these effects, nanoscale components can improve routine processing and add new functionality to microfluidic devices. The goals of this article are to highlight progress in integrated micro-and nanofluidic devices, to demonstrate how nanofluidic components may benefit each function performed during chemical analysis (sample preparation, fluid handling and injection, separation, and detection), and to encourage creative thinking about future applications as this technology matures. This article focuses on devices containing one or more nanochannels or nanoporess fluidic features with at least one dimension typically e100 nm. We will discuss discrete features e0.5 µm, as opposed to nanoporous monoliths 4 or membranes with tortuous paths, 5 which are reviewed elsewhere.Some of the earliest work in nanofluidics used native and engineered protein pores in lipid bilayers to characterize a range of molecules, including polymers, nucleic acids, metal ions, and organic molecules, by resistive-pulse sensing. 10Protein pores provide excellent reproducibility with respect to their dimensions and internal chemistry and readily self-insert into a bilayer from solution. However, lipid bilayers on-chip are relatively fragile compared to the glass, polymer, and semiconductor substrates typical for microfluidic applications. As a result, many groups are pursuing emerging nanofabrication methods to produce nanochannels in hard and soft materials. Figure 1 shows integrated micro-and nanofluidic devices in which nanopores or channels are formed by a variety of methods, including track-etching polymer membranes, 6 sacrificial layer deposition, 7 ...

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Section: Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices

2009

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“…We first must findĨ and take the product of it and the proper form factor construction, Eq. (12), in order to implement Eq. (11) and solve for the force and torque potentials (Eqs.…”

Section: D Sinusoidal Optical Interference Landscapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] A sampling of the optical trapping literature finds applications including sorting and manipulation using a diode laser bar to form a large trapping zone, 5 using computer-generated holograms to create arbitrary configurations of single optical traps-sometimes referred to as "holographic optical trapping", 6, 7 deflecting particle trajectories and trapping them in patterns using regular arrays of optical traps, 8,9 creating mulit-dimensional optical lattices via the interference of one or more optical beams to sort a flow of particles, 10 and combining parallel optical traps with dielectrophoresis to create optical conveyor belts. 11 On the whole, such methods provide simple reconfiguration of traps being that they are optically formed, in contrast to sorting and manipulation systems that utilize micromachined arrays of obstacles 12 or fluorescence of the particles themselves. 13 While many of the particles of interest for this type of manipulation are shaped like disks and rods (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of particles with anisotropic shape within an optical landscape and laminar flow

Conover

Escuti

2006

SPIE Proceedings

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We have developed an order of magnitude model for the the complete motion-translation and rotation-of spheroidal microparticles under the influence of intense optical landscapes and laminar flow using force and torque balances within the system. Our fields of interest are periodic interference profiles, sometimes termed optical landscapes, that can be formed by simple holography. When given an arbitrary landscape, our model predicts that, in general, spheroidal particles become trapped at a lower potential threshold than do spherical particles of an equivalent volume. In addition, we show that optical landscapes exhibit exponential trapping selectivity based on particle size and shape, effectively adding a further dimension of control over which to trap, influence, and sort particles within the same flow.

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“…As such, it has served as a useful conceptual framework for the construction of biophysical models for the locomotion of protein motors [2,3], as well as more complex biochemical and catalytic reactions [4,5]. Currently, ideas from Brownian ratchet are being actively considered in systems where thermal or nonthermal noise are being exploited for applications such as molecular pumps [6,7], sieves [8][9][10][11], and diodes [12,13]. These devices, whose operations are based on the symmetry breaking principle in Brownian ratchets, control the flow of nanoscale molecules by directing their transport in a noisy environment to achieve a specific function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterministic Smoluchowski-Feynman ratchets driven by chaotic noise

Chew

2012

Phys. Rev. E

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We have elucidated the effect of statistical asymmetry on the directed current in Smoluchowski-Feynman ratchets driven by chaotic noise. Based on the inhomogeneous Smoluchowski equation and its generalized version, we arrive at analytical expressions of the directed current that includes a source term. The source term indicates that statistical asymmetry can drive the system further away from thermodynamic equilibrium, as exemplified by the constant flashing, the state-dependent, and the tilted deterministic Smoluchowski-Feynman ratchets, with the consequence of an enhancement in the directed current.

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The promise of nanotechnology for separation devices – from a top‐down approach to nature‐inspired separation devices

Cited by 33 publications

References 51 publications

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices

The response of particles with anisotropic shape within an optical landscape and laminar flow

Deterministic Smoluchowski-Feynman ratchets driven by chaotic noise

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