“…With more and more information and services moving online, access to broadband has become a necessity of modern life. For individuals, broadband has emerged as a vital gateway of access for news and information, political participation, education, government services and community engagement (Arivanandan, 2013; Baker, Hanson, & Myhill, 2009; Barak & Sadovsky, 2008; Ellis, 2011; Fuhr & Pociask, 2011; Galperin & Viecens, 2017). For communities as well, broadband improves productivity, small business start-ups and employment generation (Crandall, Lehr, & Litan, 2007; Czernich, Falck, Kretschmer, & Woessman, 2009; Kolko, 2010; Whitacre, Gallardo, & Strover, 2014).…”