The Prokinetic, Laxative, and Antidiarrheal Effects of <scp><i>Morus nigra</i></scp>: Possible Muscarinic, Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channel Blocking, and Antimuscarinic Mechanisms

Akhlaq, Anam; Mehmood, Malik Hassan; Rehman, Abdul; Ashraf, Zohaib; Syed, Sadia; Bawany, Samira Ahmed; Gilani, Anwarul Hassan; Ilyas, Maimoona; Siddiqui, Bina Shaheen

doi:10.1002/ptr.5641

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Almost all the parts of the tree are used for pharmacological actions. Experimental studies have demonstrated antiinflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic, laxative and antidiarrheal effects of black mulberry extract [13,14,18]. The aim of the current study was to determine whether M. nigra could improve pathological changes in the liver induced by CCl 4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Its berries are used in medicine against inflammation and to stop bleeding, the bark is used for toothache, and the leaves for treating snakebites and as an antidote to poisoning [12,13]. Another study showed that black mulberry possesses prokinetic, laxative and antidiarrheal effects, putatively mediated through cholinomimetic, antimuscarinic, and Ca 2+ antagonist mechanisms, respectively [14]. M. nigra is used in ethnomedicine for the prevention and treatment of several diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

Deniz¹,

Laloğlu²,

Koç³

et al. 2018

ARCH BIOL SCI BELGRA

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In this study, the effect of Morus nigra (M. nigra) on carbon tetrachloride (CCI 4)-induced hepatic injury in the rat was investigated. A hepatotoxic rat model was developed by the injection of CCI 4 dissolved in soybean oil (1 mL/kg/twice a week, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection). Following the formation of hepatic injury, extracts of M. nigra at doses ranging from 150 to 300 mg/kg were administered to rats by i.p. injection for eight weeks. At the end of administration, rat livers were excised by dissection. The activities of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were detected in the serum, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were established in the liver. Histological changes and immunohistochemical localization of caspase-3 and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) were performed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of liver sections and caspase-3 and 8-OhdG immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the M. nigra extract prevented protein oxidation generated by CCI 4. The extracts demonstrated the ability to modulate the activity of SOD and GPx, and also prevented the CCI 4-induced increase in AST and GGT levels. These results indicate that M. nigra extracts provided significant protection against CCl 4-induced hepatic injury and might also present a novel approach for the treatment of some liver diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

Deniz¹,

Laloğlu²,

Koç³

et al. 2018

ARCH BIOL SCI BELGRA

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“…The methanolic extract produced from the dried fruit of Morus nigra at two different concentrations, 30 and 70 mg/kg, was used to test for laxative properties in BALB/c mice of both sexes. The functionality of the extract was evidenced by prokinetic and laxative activities, possibly mediated by the stimulation of muscarinic receptors through a combination of the Ca 2+ channel blocks and anticholinergic effects [39].…”

Section: Therapeutic Use Of the Species Morusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutraceutical and Medicinal Potential of the Morus Species in Metabolic Dysfunctions

Rodrigues

Marcelino

Silva

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Many populations use medicinal plants as a therapeutic treatment, due to their lower cost and greater access. Among the plant species used for medicinal purposes are those of the genus Morus. The most known species are Morus alba, rubra, and nigra. This review aims to collect data from the literature, predominantly from cell and animal studies, which presents a possible nutraceutical and medicinal potential of the species Morus for use in metabolic dysfunctions. The fruits and leaves of mulberry are used for therapeutic purposes. For scientific confirmation of these effects, they were studied for laxative properties, antibacterial activity, anti-atherogenic activity, and hepatoprotective function. Furthermore, the genus Morus is recognized for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus, through its hypoglycemic action. It may also provide health benefits through immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects. It has been found that the Morus species have phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that act as important antioxidants and promote beneficial effects on human health. These phytochemical compounds differ among species. Blackberry (Morus nigra) are rich in flavonoids, while the white mulberry (Morus alba) has low concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins. In addition, another important factor is to ensure a complete exemption of toxic risks in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases. Studies have shown no toxic effects by the administration of extracts of Morus species. Thus, the mulberry tree presents nutraceutical potential. It is therefore a promising alternative for medicinal products based on medicinal plants.

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“…Atropine, a classic anti-cholinergic agent, could inhibit intestinal peristalsis, slow down gastrointestinal transit, contract arteriole in intestinal mucosa, and thus reduces secretion and defecation [25, 26]. As reported, atropine was applied to induce constipation in murine model, mimicking clinical constipation [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune-regulating effect of Xiao’er Qixingcha in constipated mice induced by high-heat and high-protein diet

Yang

Zheng³

et al. 2017

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundXiao’er Qixingcha (EXQ) has been extensively applied to relieve dyspepsia and constipation in children for hundreds of years in China. However, the therapeutic mechanism underlying its efficacy remained to be defined. The present study aimed to clarify the possible laxative and immune-regulating effects of EXQ on two models of experimental constipation in mice, which mimicked the pediatric constipation caused by high-heat and high-protein diet (HHPD).MethodsThe two models of constipated mice were induced by HHPD or HHPD + atropine respectively. To investigate the laxative and immune-regulating activities of EXQ, animals were treated with three doses of EXQ (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The fecal output parameters (number and weight), weight of intestinal content and, the thymus and spleen indexes were measured. The levels of sIgA, IL-10, TNF-α and LPS in colon and serum were determined by ELISA. Furthermore, the pathological changes of colon tissue were examined after routine H&E staining.ResultsBoth HHPD and HHPD + atropine treatments obviously inhibited the fecal output and reduced the colonic sIgA, prominently increased the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in colonic tissue and elevated the contents of LPS in serum and colonic tissues. In contrast, oral administration of EXQ significantly improved the feces characters and dose-dependently decreased the intestinal changes in both models. In HHPD model test, EXQ efficaciously boosted the sIgA level in a dose-dependent manner, significantly elicited decreases in TNF-α and IL-10 levels, and evidently decreased the spleen and thymus indexes. In HHPD + atropine model test, EXQ treatment reversed the pathological changes by not only dramatically decreasing the spleen index and the levels of LPS and IL-10, but also markedly elevating the thymus index. Furthermore, microscopic observation revealed that EXQ treatment maintained the integrity of colonic mucosa, and protected the colonic tissues from inflammation in the both models.ConclusionsEXQ exhibited prominent laxative activity and effectively protected the colonic mucosal barrier in two models of constipated mice, of which the mechanism might be closely associated with its propulsive and immune-regulating properties. The current results not only validated the rationale for the clinical application of EXQ in pediatric constipation related symptoms, but also threw new light on the immune-inflammatory responses accompanied with chronic constipation pathology.

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The Prokinetic, Laxative, and Antidiarrheal Effects of Morus nigra: Possible Muscarinic, Ca²⁺ Channel Blocking, and Antimuscarinic Mechanisms

Cited by 21 publications

References 56 publications

The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

Nutraceutical and Medicinal Potential of the Morus Species in Metabolic Dysfunctions

The immune-regulating effect of Xiao’er Qixingcha in constipated mice induced by high-heat and high-protein diet

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The Prokinetic, Laxative, and Antidiarrheal Effects of Morus nigra: Possible Muscarinic, Ca2+ Channel Blocking, and Antimuscarinic Mechanisms

Cited by 21 publications

References 56 publications

The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

The effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage

Nutraceutical and Medicinal Potential of the Morus Species in Metabolic Dysfunctions

The immune-regulating effect of Xiao’er Qixingcha in constipated mice induced by high-heat and high-protein diet

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The Prokinetic, Laxative, and Antidiarrheal Effects of Morus nigra: Possible Muscarinic, Ca²⁺ Channel Blocking, and Antimuscarinic Mechanisms