The progress of in situ technology for lithium metal batteries

Abstract

This paper summarizes and compares the principles, advantages and disadvantages of various characterization techniques for lithium batteries. The challenges faced by various characterization techniques and future development directions are also given.

In Situ/Operando Imaging Techniques for Next-Generation Battery Analysis

“…The elucidation of chemical heterogeneity within cathode materials stands as a cornerstone in the progression of Li [010] is shorter than that for surface reaction τ R , which in turn is shorter than that for bulk transport in the [100] and [001] directions, i.e., τ BT [010] < τ R < τ BT [100], [001] . If diffusion between channels along the [100] and [001] directions is much faster than the characteristic reaction rate, then Li transport within the particles is expected to follow pathways governed by the minimum elastic strain energy. Unlike the intercalation-wave features seen at 0.15 C delithiation, the majority of (010) insertion surface regions quickly accumulated Li during 0.15 C lithiation, activating most of the [010] channels early on, as shown in Figure 3d.…”

“…Understanding and preventing metal dendrite formation are imperative, as dendrites can penetrate the separator and cause internal short circuits. Consequently, various characterization techniques, including X-ray CT, X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), and SEM, have been used to analyze dendrites. ,− Metal electrodes are highly vulnerable to exposure to moisture and the atmosphere. During the sampling process for ex situ analysis, external factors can damage the electrodes while disassembling the cell, causing sample heterogeneity.…”