The progress and current status of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract

Recently, there has been remarkable progress in basic and preclinical studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The improved outcomes of AML can largely be attributed to advances in supportive care and hematopoietic cell transplantation as opposed to conventional chemotherapy. However, as the 5-year survival rate remains low due to a high incidence of relapse, novel and effective treatments are urgently needed. Increasing attention is focusing on identifying suitable immunotherapeutic strategies for AML. Here, we describe the immunological features, mechanisms of immune escape, and recent progress in immunotherapy for AML. Problems encountered in the clinic will also be discussed. Although current outcomes may be limited, ongoing preclinical or clinical efforts are aimed at improving immunotherapy modalities and designing novel therapies, such as vaccines, monoclonal antibody therapy, chimeric antibody receptor-engineered T cells (CAR-T), TCR-engineered T cells (TCR-T), and checkpoint inhibitors, which may provide promising and effective therapies with higher specificity and efficacy for AML.

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“…In spite of significant improvements in therapeutic interventions of AML, the prognosis of patients suffering from AML remains unfavorable and the 5-year survival rate of AML patients is lower than 30%, accompanied by a high mortality rate (22). For the high mortality, there is a great need to identify effective alternative therapeutic agents specifically targeting AML.…”

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“…The improvement in AML is largely due to advances in supportive care and hematopoietic cell transplantation rather than conventional chemotherapy. However, due to the high recurrence rate, the 5-year survival rate is still very low, so there is an urgent need for novel and effective treatment methods (3). More and more attention has been focused on identifying appropriate AML immunotherapy strategies.…”