The progress and challenges for dermal regeneration in tissue engineering

Abstract

Wound healing is an inherent response resulting in the restoration of tissue integrity. It is a complex process involving cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and the synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The dermal tissue is an important component of skin that acts as a connecting link between the epidermis and hypodermis. The appearance of scars and contractures after autologous split-thickness skin transplantation or single epidermis diaphragm transplantation for full skin defects indicates that the dermal tissue plays an important role in skin regeneration. Theoretically, dermis cannot regenerate like the liver, bone and epidermis after being destroyed by burns or avulsion. Scarring is hard to avoid during the process of natural healing. However, if the dermis could be reconstructed perfectly, this would be a breakthrough in the methods used for wound healing. In this review, we summarize recent research about dermal regeneration and discuss the probability of advances in the field. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1208-1218, 2017.

The dual delivery of KGF and bFGF by collagen membrane to promote skin wound healing

“…Collagen bundles are natural components of skin. As an extracellular matrix (ECM) analogue, collagen bundles provide a natural substrate for cellular attachment and proliferation (Zhou et al, ). However, the long‐term efficacy and stability of the growth factors on collagen membranes are persistent concerns (Poorebrahim et al, ).…”

Epithelial differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) undergoing three-dimensional (3D) cultivation with collagen sponge scaffold (CSS) via an indirect co-culture strategy

“…With the development of tissue engineering technology, many skin scaffolds (termed as skin substitutes or artificial dermis) have been conceived as skin wound dressings [6] and applied clinically for eventual scar-free wound healing, including Pelnac® (Japan) [10], Integra® (USA) [10], and Lando® (China) [35] [36,37]. Currently, artificial dermis commercially available mainly consists of collagen sponge scaffolds (CSSs) with multiple desirable characteristics (such as biocompatibility, an interconnected pore structure, and sufficient biodegradability) [10,38,39], which are utilized as templates to promote fibroblasts and endothelial cells to proliferate [40], migrate and mature into scaffolds, and promote dermal regeneration and neovascularization, significantly reducing contracture and scar formation [41][42][43].…”

Progress in developing decellularized bioscaffolds for enhancing skin construction

“…5 Because decellularization is used to isolate the tissue ECM from surrounding cells and to produce artificial organs and tissues without unfavorable immune responses, 6 decellularized biomaterials show a relatively integrated natural structure, good biocompatibility, and release growth factors in a highly spatiotemporally controlled manner, making them the focus of many studies. 5 Because decellularization is used to isolate the tissue ECM from surrounding cells and to produce artificial organs and tissues without unfavorable immune responses, 6 decellularized biomaterials show a relatively integrated natural structure, good biocompatibility, and release growth factors in a highly spatiotemporally controlled manner, making them the focus of many studies.…”

“…Compared with synthetic scaffolds, natural scaffolds, and cell sheets, decellularized biomaterials show increased potential to cover skin wound defects. 5 Because decellularization is used to isolate the tissue ECM from surrounding cells and to produce artificial organs and tissues without unfavorable immune responses, 6 decellularized biomaterials show a relatively integrated natural structure, good biocompatibility, and release growth factors in a highly spatiotemporally controlled manner, making them the focus of many studies. 7,8 In the last decade, many achievements have been made in studies of decellularized biomaterials for skin substitutes, such as decellularized dermis.…”