The prognosis of small primary breast cancers

Kollias, James; Murphy, Conleth; Elston, C.W.; Ellis, Ian O.; Robertson, J. F. R.; Blamey, R.W.

doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00056-8

Cited by 84 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…NPI is a continuous variable that combines several prognostic factors of BC (grade, tumor size, number of metastatic lymph nodes) [27,28]. Although there was no significant difference between PABC and non-PABC when tumor size, T, N and grade at initial presentation were assessed separately, the combination of these factors by NPI resulted in significant difference: based on median NPI value the PABC group was categorized as having poor prognosis, while the non-PABC group as having intermediate prognosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer – A Matched Case Control Study

Madaras

Kovács

Szász

et al. 2013

Pathol. Oncol. Res.

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Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer (PABC) manifests during pregnancy or within a year following delivery. We sought to investigate differences in management, outcome, clinical, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) characteristics of PABC and matched controls in a retrospective case control study. PABC and control patients were selected from breast cancer cases of women ≤45 years, diagnosed in the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer – A Matched Case Control Study

Madaras

Kovács

Szász

et al. 2013

Pathol. Oncol. Res.

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“…The mean follow-up time was 82 months (range 7-138 months). Patients' clinical history and cancer characteristics including tumour type, 34 histological grade, 35 tumour size, lymph node (LN) status, Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), 36,37 ER expression and survival data including survival time (OS), disease-free interval (DFI), recurrence and development of distant metastasis were available for all patients.…”

Section: Patients and Tumoursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6) and their prognostic significance in human breast cancer

et al. 2005

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Mucins are a large family of glycoproteins expressed by many epithelial cells and their malignant counterparts. Much interest has been focused on expression of its members in breast cancer because of their potential role as prognostic indicators and their involvement in cancer therapy. We have examined 1447 cases of invasive breast carcinoma with a long-term follow-up, using tissue microarray (TMA) technology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression profiles of several mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6) and to assess their prognostic value. We detected MUC1 expression in 91% of tumours. MUC1 overexpression was associated with a lower grade, smaller tumour size, a higher oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive phenotype and absence of both regional recurrence and distance metastasis. The subcellular localization but not the level of expression had a prognostic value in predicting outcome. The aberrant cytoplasmic and membranous localization of MUC1 was associated with poor outcome compared with apical localization, which is the normal physiological site of expression. MUC2 expression was noticed in only 8.3% of all cases and was restricted to the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. An inverse trend was identified between MUC2 expression and lymph node stage and vascular invasion status. On excluding cases of mucinous carcinoma from the analysis, the inverse association with vascular invasion was still defined and in addition an inverse association with ER status emerged. MUC3 expression was detected in 91% of cases and its expression was associated with increased local recurrence, and lymph node stage. The membranous expression of MUC3 was found to be a potentially poor prognostic feature, with higher grade and poorer Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), and negative ER expression. MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6 were expressed in 95, 37 and 20% of cases, respectively. Apart from an association between MUC4 expression and tumour grade and between MUC6 and ER-negative tumours, no other associations with any clinicopathological variables were found. Apart from the higher expression of MUC2 and MUC6 in mucinous carcinomas, no association was found between the expression of different mucins and tumour type. No association between the level of expression of any of the studied mucins and patient outcomes has been identified. In conclusion, most breast carcinomas express MUC1, MUC3 and MUC4. Among the various mucins expressed in breast cancer, MUC1 and MUC3 are potential prognostic indicators, MUC1 having the strongest relationship with patient outcome.

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“…However, the absence of early recurrence in lymph node-negative patients does not preclude the risk of later distant recurrence, which reaches a 10-year incidence of 30% according to previously published data. 24,25 Indeed, it has been demonstrated that several factors have a nonproportional effect on hazards. [26][27][28] The ER level is a major concern, because positive ER status has been associated with a protective effect on recurrences within the first 3 years, but that association switches to a negative effect on disease outcome after 3 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic factors of early distant recurrence in hormone receptor‐positive, postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy

Debled

MacGrogan

Brouste

et al. 2007

Cancer

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Objective To determine rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, abnormal cervical smears, and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We investigated 30 women with SLE, 67 with abnormal smears from colposcopy clinics, and 15 community subjects with normal smears. Polymerase chain reaction results for viral DNA and HPV‐16 sequencing data were correlated to cytology and colposcopic findings. Results SLE and colposcopy patients were more likely (P < 0.05) to be HPV positive (15 [54%] and 37 [67%] patients, respectively) and HPV‐16 DNA positive (16 [57%] and 17 [31%] patients, respectively) than community subjects (0% HPV DNA positive and 1 [6%] HPV‐16 DNA positive). SLE patients were also more likely to be HPV‐16 DNA positive than colposcopy patients (P < 0.05). SLE patients with a high HPV‐16 viral load more frequently had SIL (n = 6) than those with a low HPV‐16 viral load (n = 1; P < 0.05). HPV and HPV‐16 DNA positivity were not associated with previous or current drug therapy for SLE patients. All HPV‐16 DNA sequences from 6 SLE and 5 colposcopy patients were the European‐type variant. Eighteen (60%) SLE patients had a previous or current cervical abnormality. At the time of study, 5 (17%) SLE patients had an abnormal cervical smear and 8 (27%) had SIL. For those diagnosed with SLE for >10 years, the rate of SIL was 44% lower than those with SLE for <5 years (odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.1–3.5). Conclusion UK women with a recent SLE diagnosis had disturbingly elevated levels of HPV infections (particularly with European HPV‐16 variants at a high viral load), abnormal cervical cytology, and SIL.

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The prognosis of small primary breast cancers

Cited by 84 publications

References 15 publications

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer – A Matched Case Control Study

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer – A Matched Case Control Study

Expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6) and their prognostic significance in human breast cancer

Prognostic factors of early distant recurrence in hormone receptor‐positive, postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy

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