The Production of Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria

Starr, Theodore J.; Jones, Mark T.; Martínez, Domingo

doi:10.4319/lo.1957.2.2.0114

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some littoral blue green algae require cobalamins (Van Baalen 1961). Many kinds of marine bacteria and algae also produce B vitamins (Starr et al 1957;Burkholder and Burkholder 1958;Burkholder 1963). Red seaweeds are said to be rich in cobalamins (see Provasoli 1963).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Burkholder¹,

Lewis²

1968

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Twenty-four different patterns of single and multiple requirements for various B vitamins were demonstrated for 665 cultures of marine bacteria grown in a basal synthetic seawater medium enriched with phosphate, vitamin-free casamino acids, dextrose, and succinate. Among 114 thiamine-requiring isolates, 55 were unable to make the pyrimidine moiety, 19 required thiazole, 13 needed both thiazole and the pyrimidine moiety, while 27 organisms required thiamine o r thiamine pyrophosphate for growth. Among 142 biotin requirers, 22 had to be supplied with biotin, 60 could use either biotin o r biocytin, 54 were able to respond to either biotin, biocytin, or desthiobiotin. Only six cultures could not use biocytin, and required either biotin or desthiobiotin. Various responses of vitamin BI2 requiring cultures indicated special types of specificity for cyanocobalamin and analogues of this vitamin. Computer-sorting at the 0.66 similarity coefficient breaking point arranged a group of 104 isolates into eight clusters. The isolates having biotin o r thiamine requirements, single or in combination with other vitamin needs, appeared to be randomly scattered through the eight clusters. IntroductionIn an earlier paper on the nutritional relationships of neritic marine bacteria, methods for isolating and testing microorganisms for various growth factors were described, and it was reported that numerous isolates from the sea require exogenous supplies of six common B vitamins (Burkholder 1963). In the preliminary report, requirements of 1748 cultures were determined in a series of organic media, designed to show the needs for amino acids or B vitamins required to sustain growth. The general results obtained in that set of determinations were as follows: 29y0 of the cultures could grow in a medium (I) containing seawater enriched with phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and dextrose and succinate as carbon sources; 5% were able to grow in medium I provided that B vitamins, including biotin, thiamine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenate, nicotinic acid: and riboflavin, were added (medium 11); 20% grew in medium I supplemented with amino acids (medium 111); 21% grew in a medium made up of media I1 and I11 combined; while 25% were able to grow only in a rich isolation medium, containing complex materials, such as trypticase, soytone, and yeast extract. Among the iso-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Burkholder¹,

Lewis²

1968

Can. J. Microbiol.

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“…The corals are known to feed on zooplankton, phytoplankton (Porter 1978), bacteria (Ducklow 1990), cyanobacteria (Houlbrèque et al 2006), and particulate organic matter (Sorokin 1973). B12 active substances were detected in marine bacteria cell pellets (Starr et al 1957). shows that internal production of vitamin B12 by coelenteric bacteria should also be considered as well as its release from digested organic matter.…”

Section: Vitamin B12 In Coral Reef Surface Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, according to Starr et al (1957) Heterotrophic nutrition should also be considered to explain the high concentrations of vitamin B12 in the coelenteron. The corals are known to feed on zooplankton, phytoplankton (Porter 1978), bacteria (Ducklow 1990), cyanobacteria (Houlbrèque et al 2006), and particulate organic matter (Sorokin 1973).…”

Section: Vitamin B12 In Coral Reef Surface Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral symbiotic complex: Hypothesis through vitamin B12 for a new evaluation

Agostini

Suzuki

Casareto

et al. 2009

Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies

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Historically, hermatypic corals are defined as a symbiotic system composed of an animal host, corals belonging to the taxa Cnidarian, and a photosynthetic organism, the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp., also known as zooxanthellae. The high gross productivity and stability of coral reefs have been explained by the effi ciency of the coral algal symbiotic system in using the low nutrient concentrations found in the surrounding water and their rapid recycling in the water. Although several studies have reported the presence of bacteria closely associated with corals, the mechanisms of the relationships among them, the host and the zooxanthellae, remain to be shown. In this study, evidence for the im portance of coelenteric bacteria in corals as a component of the coral symbiotic complex was shown by using a new approach. Vitamin B12, which is produced only by pro karyotes, was chosen as a chemical tool to clarify the symbiotic relationships among bacteria, coral, and zoo xanthellae, which require vitamin B12. High vitamin B12 concentrations (up to 700 pmol l −1 compared with max.20 pmol l −1 in the surrounding water) and high bacteria abundances (100 times higher than surrounding water) were found in the coelenteron of live corals using a new sampling method. The results led to the hypothesis that prokaryotes are the drivers of internal processes, such as vitamin B12 production, occurring directly inside the coral, forming a semi closed system. Furthermore, most main tenance of the symbiotic complex is due to internal pro cesses rather than the supply from outside the coral.

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“…However, certain vitamins are able to promote growth for several algae species under culturing condition (PROVASOLI, 1969), and may even limit their production in the field (e.g., BERTRAND et al, 2007 for B 12 ). Thus, a main share of vitamin B 12 is actually synthesized by bacteria (STARR et al, 1957) or cyanobacteria rather than algae, and is incorporated by algae, like diatoms (PARKER, 1977;BERTRAND et al, 2007).…”

Section: Autotrophymentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Web Paradigms: The Biochemical View on Trophic Interactions

Müller-Navarra

2008

International Review of Hydrobiology

135

100

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Different metabolic pathways and requirements can lead to imbalances in the biochemical composition, e.g., between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and between heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms. In addition, heterotrophs cannot synthesize many of the required biochemical constituents themselves but rely in their provision on the feeding environment. If imbalances of essential biochemicals between heterotrophic consumers and their prey are large, those biochemicals can become limiting. The importance of essential ω3-poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for heterotrophic organisms (zooplankton, fish) is well recognized. Especially the conversion of C 18 -PUFAs to C 20 or C 22 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are critical for heterotrophic protists and metazooplankton, and storage may be an adaptation to help overcome limitation. The ecological relevance of cholesterol, essential for arthropods, is still an open question as vertebrates and fungi may be important sources in aquatic systems. Less is known about essential amino acids being limiting. However protein limitation seems to be rare in plankton unless detritus contributes largely to the food. One ecological importance of autotrophs lies in the synthesis of essential biomolecules, promoting growth of heterotrophs. However, vitamin B 12 may preferentially originate from prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria), even limiting growth of certain eukaryotic algae. Measuring the relevant biochemicals, its environmental forcing and cycling (conservation versus alteration in the food web), going beyond food species affiliation and carbon as a unit, but taking the overall food concentration into account will enhance the characterization of C-cycling and energy flux, irrespectively of the "classical food chain" or "microbial loop", with implication to human nutrition.

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The Production of Vitamin B₁₂‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria

Abstract: The production of members of the vitamin-B12 family of compounds by 34 marine bacteria that were grown in a B12-deficient medium was assayed.

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Coral symbiotic complex: Hypothesis through vitamin B12 for a new evaluation

Food Web Paradigms: The Biochemical View on Trophic Interactions

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The Production of Vitamin B12‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria

Abstract: The production of members of the vitamin-B12 family of compounds by 34 marine bacteria that were grown in a B12-deficient medium was assayed.

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Some patterns of B vitamin requirements among neritic marine bacteria

Coral symbiotic complex: Hypothesis through vitamin B12 for a new evaluation

Food Web Paradigms: The Biochemical View on Trophic Interactions

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Product

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The Production of Vitamin B₁₂‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria