“…Evidence is accumulating that interaction exists between the embryo and the female reproductive tract before implantation [Downing et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2002;Wolf et al, 2003]. This interaction can be achieved via the paracrine growth factors (reviewed in [Hardy and Spanos, 2002]) and/or cytokines including interleukin-1 alpha [Yeung et al, 1996], insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins [Lai et al, 1996;Watson et al, 1999], vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors [Gabler et al, 1999], transforming growth factor-b , platelet-activating factor [Downing et al, 2002], embryotrophic factors (ETFs) [Mermillod et al, 1993;Liu et al, 1995;Yeung et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2004], and other factor/peptide of unknown identity .…”