The Production of High Vitamin A Milk by Diet

Deuel, Harry J.; Halliday, Nellie; Hallman, Lois F.; Johnston, Cornelia; Miller, Albert J.

doi:10.1093/jn/22.3.303

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Continuing the daily supplement of 1 x 10 6 IU vitamin A in Experiment 1, and feeding the higher dose of 2.5 x 10 6 IU vitamin A/day in Experiment 2, failed to further reduce PC and liver P-carotene concentrations. Deuel et al (1941Deuel et al ( , 1942 found that feeding 0.7 x 10 6 IU vitamin A/day reduced carotenoid concentrations in milk and plasma, but increasing daily vitamin A intakes 2-^6 fold caused only a small additional reduction in milk and plasma carotenoid concentrations. In contrast, there was a vitamin A dose response on milk carotenoid concentration at intakes below 0.7 x 10 6 IU (Deuel et al 1941).…”

Section: Plasma and Liver Carotenoid Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deuel et al (1941Deuel et al ( , 1942 found that feeding 0.7 x 10 6 IU vitamin A/day reduced carotenoid concentrations in milk and plasma, but increasing daily vitamin A intakes 2-^6 fold caused only a small additional reduction in milk and plasma carotenoid concentrations. In contrast, there was a vitamin A dose response on milk carotenoid concentration at intakes below 0.7 x 10 6 IU (Deuel et al 1941). This suggests that the optimum daily dose of vitamin A to reduce PC and liver P-carotene concentrations was 0.7-1.0 x 10 6 IU.…”

Section: Plasma and Liver Carotenoid Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early research showed that carotenoid concentrations in milkfat and plasma can be reduced by the daily feeding of shark oil (Deuel et al 1941 ;Blaxter et al 1946) or vitamin A (Deuel et al 1942). Deuel et al (1942) and Martson & Deuel (1943) suggested that vitamin A increased the catabolism of absorbed carotenoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of dietary vitamin A on plasma and liver carotenoid concentrations and fat colour in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle

Knight

Death

Muir³

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The effect of dietary vitamin A supplements on plasma carotenoid (PC), liver B-carotene, and fat carotenoid concentrations, and on fat colour in cattle were determined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, thirteen 2-year-old Angus × Friesian steers were grazed on pasture, and 6 of the steers were supplemented daily with 1 × 10 6 IU vitamin A for 83 days. In Experiment 2, twenty 2-year-old Angus crossbred heifers were grazed on pasture with 5 being supplemented daily with 1 × 10 6 IU and 5 with 2.5 × 10 6 IU vitamin A for 31 days. Cattle in Experiments 1 and 2 were slaughtered at the end of the experiments, and liver and fat samples were analysed for retinol and carotenoid concentrations respectively in Experiment 1, and liver samples were analysed for both retinol and carotenoid concentrations in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 involved ninety 3-year-old Angus steers, 10 of which were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment, 20 were grazed on pasture, and the remaining 60 steers were fed a diet of 70% barley and 30% pasture-silage on a feedlot either without vitamin A supplement, or with a supplement of 1 × 10 6 or 0.5 × 10 6 IU vitamin A daily. Ten steers from each group were slaughtered after 62 days and the other 10 after 104 days of treatment. Daily supplements of 1 × 10 6 IU vitamin A caused a linear decrease in PC concentration of 0.13-0.20 µg/ml per day for about 30 days. In Experiments 1 and 2, this represented a reduction of about 40-50% in PC concentration, equivalent to a decrease of 4.2-6.4 µg/ml, but in Experiment 3 where steers were fed a low carotenoid diet the decrease was only 0.8-1.0 µg/ml. PC concentrations in Experiments 2 and 3 were not affected by either the dose of vitamin A or the decline in pasture carotenoid concentration over the duration of the experiments. Vitamin A supplementation reduced the liver P-carotene concentration by 40-48%, and increased the retinol concentration. Subcutaneous fat colour and carotenoid concentration were not affected by vitamin A supplements in any experiment, possibly because PC concentration was still too high in Experiment 1 (5-7 µg/ml), and because the PC concentration was already low in Experiment 3 (under 2 µg/ml). These experiments suggest that for vitamin A to be effective in reducing fat colour, the initial PC concentration may need to be less than 6-7 µg/ml.

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Section: Plasma and Liver Carotenoid Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plasma and Liver Carotenoid Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of dietary vitamin A on plasma and liver carotenoid concentrations and fat colour in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle

Knight

Death

Muir³

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…daily of carotene as artificially dried lucerne. (78,79,80,81) and Blaxter et al{82). fat (approximately 45 i.u., as one S.M.…”

Section: (Ii) Vitamin a And Carotenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…By feeding shark-liver oil, a potent source of vitamin A, to cows, Deuel et al (78,79,80,81) produced milk very rich in vitamin A. Thus 4,200,000 i.u.…”

Section: (Ii) Vitamin a And Carotenementioning

confidence: 99%

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Kon

1943

Journal of Dairy Research

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Reviews of the progress of dairy science Thompson (30). Simple rapid methods for the measurement of the yellow colour of milk by means of a 'lactochrometer'(3i) and of carotene in butter fat by visual comparison with potassium bichromate standards (32) have been described. Effern(33) has applied the reaction of Rosenthal & Erdely(34) to the photometric estimation of vitamin A in butter, but the value of this method is not proven and the calculations are open to criticism.In previous reviews (35,36,37) papers dealing with the apparently abnormal behaviour of vitamin A and carotene in butter were discussed, but evidence is now growing that the vitamin A . activity of milk or butter calculated from proper chemical and physical measurements of vitamin A and carotene agrees with results of biological assay (25,38). The recent results of Fraps et al. {39) correcting their earlier findings also point in the same direction, while Shrewsbury & Kraybill(40) now report that carotene dissolved in butter fat devoid of vitamin A activity has the same availability for rats as when dissolved in cotton-seed or maize oil. On the other hand, Koehn(27,28) is still of the opinion that the factor for converting colorimetric readings into international units of vitamin A is appreciably higher for milk than for cod-liver oil.Normally the fat-soluble pigment of milk consists mostly of /? carotene and the ratio of 94 % j8 carotene and 6 % xanthophylls put forward by Gillam(4i) has been generally accepted. It has been known, however, for some time that the exact proportions vary according to the composition of the carotenoids in the fodder of the cow(37). More recent work in which the analysis was done by chromatography instead of by phase separation indicates that even in normal milk the contribution of /3 carotene may be smaller than hitherto believed, while special feeding of the cow may result in the appearance in the milk of much inactive carotenoid. Thus Johnson et al. (42,43) found in the butter of cows receiving molasses lucerne silage only 68 % of the total carotenoids in the form of /} carotene, the rest consisting of xanthophylls, 24 %, and 'acidformed' pigments(44), 8 %. Phosphoric acid lucerne silage yielded 65 % ft carotene and a higher proportion, 12 %, of pigments formed by the action of acid. Even pasture butter had 20 % of xanthophyllic pigments, but artefacts were absent and carotene amounted to 80 % (42,43). Similar values for pasture butters are reported by Thompson et aZ.(45) who also observed that Guernsey cows are less selective than Shorthorns and pass into their milk under comparable conditions a larger proportion of inactive carotenoids. This is doubtless another expression of the known peculiarities of carotenoid metabolism of the Channel Island cattle. There are further examples of these peculiarities. Thus, Gillam & Kon(46) showed that the Shorthorn cow effectively excludes lycopene, an isomer of carotene, from her milk, even when large quantities of it are fed in the form of tomato puree. Under similar...

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Improving the Quality of Cheap Staple Foods

Cowgill¹

1950

JAMA

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and a draining sinus of the right thigh. Roentgenograms demonstrated infiltration of the apexes and a paravertebral abscess extending from the sixth to the twelfth dorsal vertebra, with destruction of the ninth to the eleventh dorsal vertebra and the fourth lumbar to the first sacral vertebra. Smears of the Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a University of Manitoba User on 06/06/2015

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The Production of High Vitamin A Milk by Diet

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of dietary vitamin A on plasma and liver carotenoid concentrations and fat colour in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle

Effect of dietary vitamin A on plasma and liver carotenoid concentrations and fat colour in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Improving the Quality of Cheap Staple Foods

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