“…4b-4f show the C 1s spectra of PEEK outer surfaces modified at water vapor volumes of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 90%, respectively. The untreated PEEK surface contained C x H y (284.8 eV, aromatic [25][26][27][28]), C-O (286.6 eV, hydroxyl [25][26][27][28]), and C=O (287.7 eV, carbonyl [25][26][27][28]). After the surface modifications, as shown in Figs.…”