The production of duckweed as a source of biofuels

Xu, Jiele; Zhao, Hai; Stomp, Anne-Marie; Cheng, Jay J.

doi:10.4155/bfs.12.31

Cited by 81 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…By manipulating growth conditions, such as daily light integral and nutrient level [12], a starch content of 3-75% or a protein content of 15-45% of the dry weight, respectively, can be obtained [13,14]. These values place the protein content of dry duckweed biomass between alfalfa (20%) and soybean (41.7%) [15]. These are all traits that make duckweed an interesting feedstock for the bio-refinery platform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site Enzyme Production by Trichoderma asperellum for the Degradation of Duckweed

Bech¹,

Herbst²

2015

Fungal Genom Biol

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The on-site production of cell wall degrading enzymes is an important strategy for the development of sustainable bio-refinery processes. This study concerns the optimization of production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum. A comparative secretome analysis was performed on T. asperellum growing on PDA agar, wheat bran and duckweed, respectively. T. asperellum proved to be able to produce a wide enzyme profile, including both depolymerization and debranching enzymes, mainly consisting of hemi-cellulases. The secretome analysis showed specific glycoside hydrolase-induction on duckweed compared with growth on wheat bran and PDA, including a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase, a promising candidate enzyme for the degradation of duckweed. The enzyme cocktail from T. asperellum proved capable of degrading pretreated duckweed, obtaining up to 60% of the theoretical glucose yield, making it a potential candidate for on-site enzyme production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site Enzyme Production by Trichoderma asperellum for the Degradation of Duckweed

Bech¹,

Herbst²

2015

Fungal Genom Biol

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“…Xumeng Ge et al studied the growth of Lemna minor in swine lagoon wastewater and found that it has a growth rate of 3.5 and 14.1 g m −2 day −1 (dry basis) and a high ethanol yield of 48.5%. 50 Jiele Xu et al 51 tested the biomass accumulation rate of Spirodela polyrrhiza in a pilot-scale culture pond that utilized diluted pig effluent and used duckweed to produce ethanol. The biomass was up to 12.4 g dry weight m −2 day −1 with a starch yield of 9.42 × 10 3 kg ha −1 and the ethanol yield reached 6.42 × 10 3 L ha −1 .…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

Zhao

Juan

et al. 2014

Energy Fuels

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Duckweed (Lemnaceae) is a family of aquatic plants with potential for use as the next generation of alternative energy feedstocks, yet little related information about producing higher alcohols from duckweed has been published. We investigated the process of producing higher alcohols from duckweed via fermentation. Results showed that these plants have a promising future as the basis for developing biofuels. This could be achieved through fermentation by yeasts, producing not only traditional forms of energy such as ethanol but also higher alcohols with high energy yields through bioconversion by Clostridium acetobutylicum, mutant yeast strains, and bioengineered strains of Escherichia coli. The concentrations of butanol and total solvent produced via fermentation by C. acetobutylicum CICC 8012 were 12.03 and 20.03 g/L using acid hydrolysate of duckweed versus 12.33 and 20.05 g/L using enzymatic hydrolysate. The yields obtained of 24.06 g/L ethanol and 680.36 mg/L of isopentanol from duckweed using acid hydrolysate are 15 times higher than what could be obtained through the fermentation of the mutation of yeast. In addition, we were able to obtain yields of 16.27 mg/L butanol, 24.68 mg/L isopentanol, and 195.85 mg/L pentanol from the acid hydrolysate of duckweed via fermentation by the bioengineered strains of E. coli. Our results illustrated that duckweed represent an ideal fermentation substrate: they require only simple pretreatment, without the need for supplementary nitrogen or strengthening with redox agents. This provides a foundation for further development of industrialized biofuel production using duckweed. ■ INTRODUCTIONGiven the widely recognized unsustainability of depending solely on petroleum for development and environmental problems, increasing efforts have been directed at synthesizing biofuels from renewable resources. 1−3 To date, several such renewable sources of energy have been developed, including ethanol from sugar cane, corn, and cassava and biodiesel from various plant oils such as coconut, palm, and rapeseed, which are also the sources of food for people and livestock. The increasing demand for ethanol and other biofuels could contribute to a global food shortage. Given this concern about the competing uses of resources for "food versus fuel", the rising scarcity and price of fossil fuels, and the need to protect global environmental resources and food security, there is an even greater need to find new, renewable, nonfood sources for biofuel production.The use of agricultural waste or byproducts and nonfood crop sources as cheap fermentation substrates to produce biofuels has high economic appeal. 4 Among nonfood crops, duckweed, a family of fast-growing, floating species that represent the world's smallest and simplest flowering plants, has been proposed as an inexpensive, sustainable source of plant biomass for producing biofuels. 5 There are many advantages to using duckweed in this regard, compared to other starch feedstocks such as corn and cassava. 6 First, duckweed h...

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“…Duckweed grows faster than most other plants, and under ideal condition, some species can double their biomass every 16 h to 24 h (Peng et al, 2007). The duckweed starch content varies by species and growth conditions ranging from 3% to 75% of dry weight (Reid and Bieleski, 1970;Xu et al, 2012;Cui and Cheng, 2015). Duckweed starch can be readily converted to ethanol using the same protocol that used for corn starch (Ge et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As to the influence factors for starch accumulation, nutrient starvation especially nitrogen and phosphorus, sodium, abscisic acid and other chemical growth inhibitors had been widely investigated (McLaren and Smith, 1976;Thorsteinsson and Tillberg, 1987;Janas and Osiecka, 1995;Janas et al, 1998;Cheng and Stomp, 2009;Xu et al, , 2012Cui and Cheng, 2015). On the other hand, starch is the product from the photosynthesis, light is the only source of energy for photosynthesis, and also the direct source of energy for starch accumulation (Stitt and Zeeman, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Xu et al (2012) suggested that novel cultivation reactors such as multilayer or pagoda-shaped structures would be applied in the future largescale duckweed cultivation. In order to promote duckweed commercialization, we have established duckweed multilayer pilot reactor and 1500 m 2 duckweed large-scale multilayer cropping system using waste water (Unpublished results).…”

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The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation for bioethanol production

Yin

et al. 2015

Bioresource Technology

106

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h i g h l i g h t sThe impact of light condition on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation was investigated. Light intensity and photoperiod had a significant effect on biomass and starch production.110 lmol m À2 s À1 was the best light condition for duckweed biomass and starch accumulation.The results suggested high light induction was an effective method for starch accumulation. This study provides optimized light conditions for future industrial duckweed cultivation. a r t i c l e i n f o

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The production of duckweed as a source of biofuels

Cited by 81 publications

References 63 publications

On-Site Enzyme Production by Trichoderma asperellum for the Degradation of Duckweed

On-Site Enzyme Production by Trichoderma asperellum for the Degradation of Duckweed

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on duckweed biomass and starch accumulation for bioethanol production

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