The production and properties of polylactide composites filled with expanded graphite

Murariu, Marius; Dechief, Anne Laure; Bonnaud, Leïla; Paint, Yoann; Gallos, Antoine; Fontaine, Gaëlle; Bourbigot, Serge; Dubois, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.12.019

Cited by 255 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…With the increase of graphite content, graphite sheets increase, leading to a high probability of re-stacking and poor dispersion as well. It is worth pointing out that similar results have been previously reported in other polymer matrices containing graphite 26,28 . In this study the presence of the clay to the system seems to have changed the crystalline structure of the system which ultimately rendered a decrease in a d spacing.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)supporting

confidence: 90%

“…For instance, the thermal degradation temperatures for 20% and 80% weight loss of the EVA/PCL blend are 399 and 469 °C, while for the composite with 15 phr EG; there was an increase of 406 and 491°C, respectively. This distinct improvement in the thermal stability of the composites was associated with 26 , who investigated the production and properties of polylactide composites filled with expanded graphite. They reported that the addition of EG, for an example 12% EG leads to an increase by 10 °C of the 5% and 50% weight loss.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The crystallinity index (CI) was determined using the peak height method: In this method CI is calculated from the height of the 200 peak (I 200 ) and the height of the minimum (I AM ) between the 110 peak and the 200 peaks. EG has shown distance between successive carbon layers at 0.34 nm and diffraction peak at 26.7°, which attributed to the stacking of single graphene layers 26 . Van der Waals interaction among thousands of the clay platelets resulted into a halo peak at 20.0°.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVA and the blend largely shown a weak Bragg reflections at around 21 and 23°, corresponding to (110) and (200) ,in their diffraction diagrams which are drowned by the strong and dominant amorphous halo. PCL contains three strong reflections at about 21.4, 22.0 and 23.7°, corresponding to the (110), (111) and (200) planes of the orthorhombic crystal structure respectively [25][26][27] .…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic Effect of EG and Cloisite 15A on the Thermomechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of EVA/PCL Blend

et al. 2016

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergy of expanded graphite (EG) and Cloisite 15A (C15A) on the thermal conductivity and thermomechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (EVA/PCL) blend. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the blend had a phase separation, in which the PCL phase (appeared as droplets) was dispersed uniformly in the EVA matrix in all samples. The results from SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that as the EG content increases, graphite sheets increase, leading to a high probability of re-stacking and poor dispersion as well, however the synergy rendered an increase in the storage modulus for the composite containing low content of EG (5phr) in both the EG and clay containing samples. The addition of EG showed a slight increase in thermal stability,but the presence of C15A decreased the onset of degradation of EVA/PCL blend. However, at high temperatures the synergistic effect of EG and C15A showed better thermal stability for EVA/PCL blend than EG alone. The addition and increase in EG content improved thermal conductivity of the EVA/PCL blend in both the clay containing and EG containing samples, however the clay-containing samples showed lower values compared to EG only.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: X-ray Diffraction (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic Effect of EG and Cloisite 15A on the Thermomechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of EVA/PCL Blend

et al. 2016

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“…Feng and Zhan et al have researched different intumescent flame retardant systems for preparation of FR-PLA composites that showed good performance in the testing. 10−12 Other flame retardant additives, such as expanded graphite, 13 aluminum hydroxide, 14 and silica gel 15 have also been reported.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Rare Earth Hypophosphite Salts on the Fire Performance of Biobased Polylactide Composites

Tang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2013

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In this work, two kinds of rare earth hypophosphites (REHP), lanthanum hypophosphite (LaHP) and cerium hypophosphite (CeHP), were synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, LaHP and CeHP were added into polylactide to improve its flame retardant properties. Thermal gravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior of REHP and flame retardant polylactide composites (FR-PLA). The fire performance evaluated by microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimeter clearly demonstrated that the addition of LaHP and CeHP resulted in significant reduction of the heat release rate, low total heat release, and compact intumescent char layer. Thermogravimetric analysis− infrared spectrometry testing indicated that the addition of REHP significantly decreased the yields of pyrolysis products. Furthermore, the crystallization behaviors of FR-PLA composites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The char residue of FR-PLA composites after cone calorimeter testing were also be investigated by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ■ INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, the increasing awareness of petroleum source and the environmental problems caused by persistent plastic wastes has impelled people to develop new ecofriendly and renewable materials to replace petroleum-based plastics. 1−3 Among these materials, polylactide (PLA) has received considerable attention because of its biodegradable, abundant renewable source, transparency and excellent mechanical properties. PLA holds tremendous promise in many fields, such as biomedical, household, engineering, packing industries, and so on. 4−8 However, like many other plastics, PLA presents poor flammability (typical limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 19.5 vol %, easily dripping in burning) in fire testing, which restricts its further development in some important fields. Therefore, it is meaningful to investigate flame-retarded PLA.It is well-known that intumescent flame retardant (IFR) shows good performance in some polymers as a halogen-free additive due to the advantage of little smoke production and low toxicity. 9 Reti et al. 10 studied the efficiency of different intumescent formulations to flame retard PLA, and the quantity of the additives has been optimized. Feng and Zhan et al. have researched different intumescent flame retardant systems for preparation of FR-PLA composites that showed good performance in the testing. 10−12 Other flame retardant additives, such as expanded graphite, 13 aluminum hydroxide, 14 and silica gel 15 have also been reported.Recently, aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) has been used as a flame retardant that has achieved effective flame retardance in polymer materials. Yang et al. found aluminum hypophosphite showed perfect flame retardancy in PET and PBT composites; 16,17 20 wt % of AHP could make glass-fiber/PBT composite reach an UL-94 V0 rating with a LOI value of 29 vol %, and 10 wt % of AHP could make glass-fiber/PET comp...

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Mixing of Polymers Using the Elongational Flow Mixer (RMX®)

Ibarra‐Gómez¹,

Müller

2016

Rheology and Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites

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The production and properties of polylactide composites filled with expanded graphite

Cited by 255 publications

References 35 publications

Synergistic Effect of EG and Cloisite 15A on the Thermomechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of EVA/PCL Blend

Synergistic Effect of EG and Cloisite 15A on the Thermomechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of EVA/PCL Blend

Effect of Rare Earth Hypophosphite Salts on the Fire Performance of Biobased Polylactide Composites

Mixing of Polymers Using the Elongational Flow Mixer (RMX®)

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