The Prodrome and Clinical Risk for Psychotic Disorders

Holtzman, Carrie W.; Trotman, Hanan D.; Ryan, Arthur T.; Macdonald, Allison; Shapiro, Daniel I.; Brasfield, Joy L.; Walker, Elaine F.

doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.04.002

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, there is evidence showing that the duration of untreated psychosis is associated with a worsened prognosis in schizophrenia (Wyatt et al, 1997). This period involves increasing symptoms and gradual functional decline that begin several months to years before clinical onset and constitutes a critical period for preventive efforts (Addington and Heinssen, 2012; Goulding et al, 2013). Thus, a better approach may be to develop preventive interventions that target the prepsychotic phase (i.e.…”

Section: Prevention Of Schizophrenia-like Deficits In Animal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescence as a period of vulnerability and intervention in schizophrenia: Insights from the MAM model

Gomes¹,

Rincón-Cortés²,

Grace³

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

108

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Adolescence is a time of extensive neuroanatomical, functional and chemical reorganization of the brain, which parallels substantial maturational changes in behavior and cognition. Environmental factors that impinge on the timing of these developmental factors, including stress and drug exposure, increase the risk for psychiatric disorders. Indeed, antecedents to affective and psychotic disorders, which have clinical and pathophysiological overlap, are commonly associated with risk factors during adolescence that predispose to these disorders. In the context of schizophrenia, psychosis typically begins in late adolescence/early adulthood, which has been replicated by animal models. Rats exposed during gestational day (GD) 17 to the mitotoxin methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) exhibit behavioral, pharmacological, and anatomical characteristics consistent with an animal model of schizophrenia. Here we provide an overview of adolescent changes within the dopamine system and the PFC and review recent findings regarding the effects of stress and cannabis exposure during the peripubertal period as risk factors for the emergence of schizophrenia-like deficits. Finally, we discuss peripubertal interventions appearing to circumvent the emergence of adult schizophrenia-like deficits.

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Section: Prevention Of Schizophrenia-like Deficits In Animal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescence as a period of vulnerability and intervention in schizophrenia: Insights from the MAM model

Gomes¹,

Rincón-Cortés²,

Grace³

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Researchers envisage that this will enhance understanding of the mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and facilitate the development of novel treatment and prevention strategies. 1 An intriguing new research area in this field is the investigation of gender differences. Research has demonstrated gender-specific differences in terms of symptoms, course and outcome for a range of psychiatric disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has shown that the psychological deficits and biological abnormalities observed in schizophrenia and other psychoses manifest in milder forms in subjects at high risk (HR) for psychosis, and that those who manifest the most severe deficits and abnormalities appear to be at greatest risk. 1 The main gender differences reported in schizophrenia are more pronounced negative symptoms and a higher propensity to comorbid substance abuse, poorer social functioning and earlier age at onset in men, and more affective symptoms in women. 6,[10][11][12][13] To our knowledge, only three published studies have explicitly addressed the issue of gender differences in HR subjects using state-of-the-art instruments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical high risk for psychosis: gender differences in symptoms and social functioning

Rietschel

Lambert

Karow

et al. 2015

Early Intervention Psych

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The higher impairment in specific symptoms observed in male schizophrenia patients was also present in subjects at HR for psychosis. Further studies are required to determine whether these symptoms are gender-specific predictors of transition to psychosis and whether they warrant gender-specific interventions. The high propensity to depression in the present cohort, which was particularly pronounced in the male cohort compared with the general population, in conjunction with the observed increase in negative symptoms and functional impairment, should alert clinicians to the necessity for the identification and treatment of HR subjects, irrespective of the degree to which these features are associated with transition risk.

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“…These factors attribute to the clinical phenotype of the disease, in which, apart from mental and behavioral problems, cognitive disorders occur, including distortions of thinking and perception, inability to adapt behavior to the situation, or dementia [30], which successively affect executive functions [31]. Depending on the time of diagnosis, early introduction of appropriate pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy of patients and their families guarantees complete recovery after the onset of the first psychotic episode, while its lack becomes the cause of FEP progression into a chronic and full-blown schizophrenia [32] with a worse treatment prediction [33] and is associated with a reduction in the chances of patient's full recovery [34,35].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative-Antioxidant Imbalance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia

et al. 2020

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder featuring chronic, complex neuropsychiatric features. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia are not fully understood. Oxidative-antioxidant imbalance is a potential determinant of schizophrenia. Oxidative, nitrosative, or sulfuric damage to enzymes of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as calcium transport and ATP biosynthesis might cause impaired bioenergetics function in the brain. This could explain the initial symptoms, such as the first psychotic episode and mild cognitive impairment. Another concept of the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance with the activation of the mTOR mitochondrial pathway, which may contribute to impaired neuronal development. Consequently, cognitive processes requiring ATP are compromised and dysfunctions in synaptic transmission lead to neuronal death, preceding changes in key brain areas. This review summarizes the role and mutual interactions of oxidative damage and impaired glucose metabolism as key factors affecting metabolic complications in schizophrenia. These observations may be a premise for novel potential therapeutic targets that will delay not only the onset of first symptoms but also the progression of schizophrenia and its complications.

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The Prodrome and Clinical Risk for Psychotic Disorders

Cited by 23 publications

References 70 publications

Adolescence as a period of vulnerability and intervention in schizophrenia: Insights from the MAM model

Adolescence as a period of vulnerability and intervention in schizophrenia: Insights from the MAM model

Clinical high risk for psychosis: gender differences in symptoms and social functioning

Oxidative-Antioxidant Imbalance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia

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