The Processes of Anther Dehiscence and Pollen Dispersal

Keijzer, C.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00886.x

Cited by 159 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Other male-sterile plants, in which pollen death results from selective destruction of the tapetum, are able to undergo anther dehiscence normally (Mariani et al, 1990). These examples indicate that the maturation of viable pollen is not directly linked to the complex processes that lead to dehiscence of the anther locules and release of the pollen (Keijzer, 1987). We cannot rule out the possibility that jasmonate affects dehiscence only through its actions in pollen maturation.…”

Section: Dlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Critical Requirement for Linolenic Acid Is Pollen Development, Not Photosynthesis, in an Arabidopsis Mutant.

1996

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The very high proportlons of trlenolc fatty acids found in chloroplast membranes of all higher plants suggest that these llpld otructurtis mlght be essentlal for photosynthasis. We report here on the productisn of Arabidopsis triple mutants that contaln negllglble levels of trlenolc fatty acids. Photosynthesls at 22OC was barely affected, and vegetative growth of the mutants was ldentlcal wlth that of tha wlld type, dm"StratIng that any requlrement for trienoic acyl groups in membrane structure and functlon 1s relatively subtle. Although vegetative growth and development were unaffected, the triple mutants are male sterlle and produce no seed under normal conditlons. Comparisons of psllen development In wlld-type and triple mutant flowersestablished that pallan gralns in the mutant develeped to the tslcellular stege. Exogenous applicatlens of a-llnolenata or jasmonate restered fertlllty. T a k n tsgether, the results demonstrate that the critical role of trlenolc acids ln tha llfe cycle of plants 1s as the precursor of sxylipln, a signallng compound that regulates final maturatlon processes and the release of pollen. INTRODUCTIONThe biophysical reactions of light harvesting and electron transport during photosynthesis take place in a uniquely constructed bilayer membrane, the thylakoid. In all photosynthetic eukaryotes, the complement of atypical glyceralipid molecules that form the foundation of this membrane are characterized by sugar headgroups and avery high leve1 of unsaturation in the fatty acid chains, which compose the central portion of the thylakoid lamella bilayer. For example, menogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the major thylakoid lipid, typically contains >90% af a-linolenic acid (183) er a combination of 183 and hexadecatrienoic (163) acids, depending on the plant species (Jamieson and Reid, 1971). These very high levels of trienoic fatty asids are noteworthy because free radicals that are byproducts of the photosynthetic llght reactions stimulate oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because this oxidation might be expected ta medlate against a high degree of unsaturation, it has been inferred that there is a strong selective advantage to having such high levels of trienoic fatty acids in the thylakoid. Therefore, it could be reasoned that these lipid structures must have some critical role in maintaining photosynthetic functlon.To test this line of reasoning directly, we set out to develop Arabldopsis llnes with reduced levels of 18:3 and 163 fatty acids. There are two dlstinct pathways in plant 6811s for the biosynthesis of glycerolipids Rnd the associated praduction To whom correspondence should be addressed. of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Roughan et al., 1980;Browse and Somerville, 1991). 60th pathways are initiated by the synthesis of 16:O-acyl carrier protein (ACP) and 18:l-ACP by the combined action of a type II fatty acid synthase (Shimakata and Stumpf, 1982) and a soluble stearoyl-ACP desaturase (McKeon and Stumpf, 1982;Shanklin and Somerville, 1991) located in the chloroplasts or other p...

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Section: Dlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Critical Requirement for Linolenic Acid Is Pollen Development, Not Photosynthesis, in an Arabidopsis Mutant.

1996

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“…Therefore indehiscence in ms35 plants is probably due to failure of the second step of dehiscence, namely prevention of anther wall shrinkage. Another force possibly contributing to anther dehiscence, the pressure exerted on the anther wall by the growing pollen grains, was discounted by Keijzer (1987) ; the normal complement of pollen seen in the ms35 mutant is further evidence against such a mechanism being solely responsible for forcing the anther open.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This generates an inwardly directed force in the anther wall which acts on the weakened stomium causing its rupture. Subsequently, desiccation of the endothecium causes differential shrinkage of thickened and unthickened parts of the cell wall, which causes an outward bending force leading to retraction of the anther wall and full opening of the stomium to permit pollen release (Keijzer, 1987). In the Arabidopsis ms35 mutant, breakdown of the stomial cells and circular cell cluster occurs normally leaving no bridge between the epidermal\endothecial cells on either side of the stomium.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of comparative anatomical studies by many early workers (reviewed by Keijzer, 1987), more recent microscopic observations (Keijzer, 1987 ;Bonner & Dickinson, 1989), micromanipulation experiments (Keijzer, 1987), and measurements of water movements in the stamen (Bonner & Dickinson, 1990), it has been proposed that the endothecium contributes to two steps in the de- Fig. 6.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and genetic mapping of a mutation (ms35) which prevents anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis thaliana by affecting secondary wall thickening in the endothecium

et al. 1999

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The male sterile mutant, ms35, of Arabidopsis thaliana was produced by X-irradiation of seeds. The mutant produces fertile pollen, but is male sterile because the anthers do not dehisce. Anther development in ms35 plants occurs as in wild-type Arabidopsis until shortly after microspores are released from meiotic tetrads. Thereafter, in the wild type, bands of lignified, cellulosic secondary wall thickenings are laid down around the cells of the anther endothecium. In contrast, wall thickenings are not formed in the endothecium of the ms35 mutant. Development of other lignified tissues, for example the vascular tissue of the stamen, occurs normally in ms35 plants. In mutant anthers, as pollen maturation is completed, the stomium is cleaved but the anther wall does not retract to release pollen. The block in anther dehiscence in ms35 plants is specifically correlated with the absence of endothecial wall thickenings. The ms35 mutation represents the first genetic evidence in support of the proposed role of the endothecium in anther dehiscence. The ms35 gene was mapped to the top arm of chromosome 3 (hy2-(4.17p 2.31 cM)-ms35-(32.14p5.45 cM)-gl1).

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“…In tomato, after degeneration of the tapetum, exothecium cells are reinforced, creating a breaking force in the stomium that eventually leads to pollen release (Keijzer 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ps-2, the gene responsible for functional sterility in tomato, due to non-dehiscent anthers, is the result of a mutation in a novel polygalacturonase gene

et al. 2009

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The recessive mutation ps-2, which appeared spontaneously in tomato, confers functional male sterility due to non-dehiscent anthers. In this study, we isolated and characterized the PS-2 gene. A single nucleotide mutation in a novel tomato polygalacturonase gene is responsible for the ps-2 phenotype. The mutation in ps-2 is responsible for an alternative splicing during maturation of the pre-mRNA, which leads to an aberrant mRNA. DiVerentiation between ps-2 and wild type (PS-2) anthers only appears in the Wnal developmental stage in which the stomium remains closed in the mutant. To our knowledge, this is the Wrst functional sterility gene isolated in the Solanaceae family. The speciWc expression of the Arabidopsis homolog of PS-2 in the anther dehiscence zone suggests a conserved mode of action over the plant kingdom, which means that the repression of PS-2 homologs may be a potential way to introduce functional sterility in other species.

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The Processes of Anther Dehiscence and Pollen Dispersal

Cited by 159 publications

References 22 publications

The Critical Requirement for Linolenic Acid Is Pollen Development, Not Photosynthesis, in an Arabidopsis Mutant.

The Critical Requirement for Linolenic Acid Is Pollen Development, Not Photosynthesis, in an Arabidopsis Mutant.

Characterization and genetic mapping of a mutation (ms35) which prevents anther dehiscence in Arabidopsis thaliana by affecting secondary wall thickening in the endothecium

ps-2, the gene responsible for functional sterility in tomato, due to non-dehiscent anthers, is the result of a mutation in a novel polygalacturonase gene

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