“…These studies have primarily used stress-based theories and samples of spouses. These studies have focused primarily on measuring either the psychological impact of a family member's substance abuse, specifically increases in stress, depression and anxiety (Finney, Moos, Cronkite, & Gamble, 1983;Hill, 1949;Jackson, 1954;Jacobs & Seilhamer, 1987;Kogan & Jackson, 1964;Moos, Bromet, Tsu, & Moos, 1979;Moos, Finney, & Chan, 1981;Steinglass, Bennett, Wolin, & Reiss, 1987), as well as physical health status (Holder & Blasé, 1986;Holder & Hallan, 1986;McGann, 1990;Roberts & Brent, 1992;Ryan et al, 1997).…”