The Process of Invasion and the Persistence of Candida Albicans Injected Intraperitoneally Into Mice

Young, G.

doi:10.1093/infdis/102.2.114

Cited by 78 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Nonetheless, in the absence of an appliance, no pathologic changes were noted. These results reinforced the contention that hyphal formation or filamentation is an important pathogenic attribute of Candida species (42,184,209).…”

Section: Wistar Rat Modelsupporting

confidence: 81%

Experimental Oral Candidiasis in Animal Models

2001

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Oral candidiasis is as much the final outcome of the vulnerability of the host as of the virulence of the invading organism. We review here the extensive literature on animal experiments mainly appertaining to the host predisposing factors that initiate and perpetuate these infections. The monkey, rat, and mouse are the choice models for investigating oral candidiasis, but comparisons between the same or different models appear difficult, because of variables such as the study design, the number of animals used, their diet, the differences in Candida strains, and the duration of the studies. These variables notwithstanding, the following could be concluded. (i) The primate model is ideal for investigating Candida-associated denture stomatitis since both erythematous and pseudomembranous lesions have been produced in monkeys with prosthetic plates; they are, however, expensive and difficult to obtain and maintain. (ii) The rat model (both Sprague-Dawley and Wistar) is well proven for observing chronic oral candidal colonization and infection, due to the ease of breeding and handling and their ready availability. (iii) Mice are similar, but in addition there are well characterized variants simulating immunologic and genetic abnormalities (e.g., athymic, euthymic, murine-acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and severe combined immunodeficient models) and hence are used for short-term studies relating the host immune response and oral candidiasis. Nonetheless, an ideal, relatively inexpensive model representative of the human oral environment in ecological and microbiological terms is yet to be described. Until such a model is developed, researchers should pay attention to standardization of the experimental protocols described here to obtain broadly comparable and meaningful data

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Section: Wistar Rat Modelsupporting

confidence: 81%

Experimental Oral Candidiasis in Animal Models

2001

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“…Although both forms were phagocytosed by the macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the yeast forms were rapidly digested while the mycelial forms appeared to invade the cells without any sign of being destroyed. Young (1958) has made a similar observation on mice infected intraperitoneally with C. albicans, and Louria et al (1960) observed that the mycelial forms in the tissues evaded the host defence-mechanism because they emerged from the polymorphonuclear leucocytes after phagocytosis. These observations codirm those of Chitale and Bhende, and are directly opposed to the view held by many workers (Nickerson and Edwards, 1949;Scherr, 1951 ;Hill and Gebhardt, 1956) that among dimorphic fungi the yeast form is the one more capable of growth in the animal body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Mechanism of Production of Candida Lesions in Rabbits

Damodaran

Chakravarty

1973

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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PLATES X AND XIT H E respiratory tract is exposed to Candida albicans when this organism colonises the mouth, but serious lung infection rarely occurs. Whether this is due to the low virulence of the organism or to its rapid dispersal from the lungs is not known. Felisati, Bastianini and de Mitri (1959) and Aoyama and Ata (1961) produced lesions in the lungs of rabbits by intratracheal injection of C. albicans, but Kurotchkin and Lim (1933) obtained lung lesions only after sensitising the rabbits previously with injections of killed organisms.The present experiments were undertaken to clarify the pathogenic effects and mechanism of disposal of C. albicans when instilled directly into the lungs in high doses. MATERIALS AND METHODSMale rabbits weighing 13-2 kg were used. C. albicans, strain PCI/501/9 isolated from the sputum of a patient and known to be pathogenic for mice, was grown in Sabouraud's glucose broth cultures at 25°C for 24 hr. The cultures were centrifuged and the organisms re-suspended in normal saline. The suspension consisted only of yeasts with no mycelium, and was adjusted to contain 5-10 x 107 cells per ml by haemocytometer count. Methuh of inoculation.Rabbits were anaesthetised with ether and 1 ml of a saline suspension of yeasts was injected directly into the trachea exposed through a short skin incision in the midline of the neck. After injection, the animal was held upright for about 5 min. In one group of 29 rabbits the suspension contained 5 x 107 and in the other 108 organisms per ml. The animals were killed with ether at intervals after injection of 15, 30 and 45 min., 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 hr, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 days and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 wk. They were immediately dissected, and portions of lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart and kidney inoculated into Sabouraud's medium. The remaining portions of the organs were fixed in 10 per cent. formalin, and parailk sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, or by the periodic acid-Schiff method, or, where necessary, with haematoxylin and silver methanamine. The morphological forms of C. albicans in tissue-yeast- RESULTS Mortality.None of the 29 rabbits that received 5 x 107 organisms died. There were three deaths among 29 rabbits that received 108 organisms. Of these, one died with extensive bronchopneumonia and bronchial necrosis 48 hr after injection; one died with severe lesions in the liver and kidney after

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“…More virulent Candida strains usually exhibited a greater ability to grow out of leukocytes after phagocytosis thus evading host cellular defenses [20], Young [35] was of the opinion that C. albicans strains which did not produce mycelial elements in experimentally infected mice were rapidly phagocytized and killed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Johnson [10] described in 1954 that C. albicans forms mycelia in serum. In animal tissue too, the formation of filamentous forms was observed [9,20,22,35]. Symptoms of superficial mycoses of the skin and mucous membranes are often not observed before the appearance of the mycelial (M) form, whereas the Y form may colonize the mucous membrane without causing complaints or clinical signs [12,14,29], The question arises whether the transformation of the Y form into the M form represents an increase in pathogenicity since the mycelium evades phago cytosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Phagocytosis of Candida Albicans Blastospores and Germ Tubes by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Scherwitz

Martin

1979

Dermatology

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This in vitro study investigates the phagocytosis and killing rate of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Suspensions of C. albicans blastospores and germ tubes were incubated for 60 and 150 min with a neutrophil suspension. The rate of phagocytosis was found to be 92 ± 3% for blastospores, but only 9.5 ± 2.5% for germ tubes. The candidacidal activity rate was 29 ± 6% for blastospores, but only 5.5 ± 1.5% for germ tubes. Electronmicroscopically, cytoplasmic and plasma membrane alterations of phagocytized yeast cells lying in phagosomes were observed. Short germ tubes surrounded by a phagosomal membrane were found in neutrophils. Older, longer germ tubes were seen in an extracellular position. Usually, several neutrophils were adjacent to these long tubes. Obviously phagocytosis could not take place owing to the size of the germ tubes. The findings indicate that the transition of the yeast phase to the mycelium phase in a case of Candida infection may be a mechanism enabling the parasite to escape phagocytosis by the host.

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The Process of Invasion and the Persistence of Candida Albicans Injected Intraperitoneally Into Mice

Cited by 78 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental Oral Candidiasis in Animal Models

Experimental Oral Candidiasis in Animal Models

Mechanism of Production of Candida Lesions in Rabbits

The Phagocytosis of Candida Albicans Blastospores and Germ Tubes by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

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