The problem of stimulus equivalence in behavior theory.

Hull, Clark L.

doi:10.1037/h0054032

Cited by 180 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…The explanation offered by Honey and Hall (1989) for their results was in essence the same as that proposed by Miller and Dollard (1941), which was itself based on Hull's (1939) notion of secondary or mediated generalization. According to Hull (1939), attaching a common response to two different stimuli means that each stimulus evokes the same set of response-produced cues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…According to Hull (1939), attaching a common response to two different stimuli means that each stimulus evokes the same set of response-produced cues. These cues would form part of the complex evoked by subsequent presentations of either of the stimuli and would form a basis on which some new behavior conditioned to one of them might generalize to be evoked by the other.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acquired equivalence of cues in pigeon autoshaping: Effects of training with common consequences and with common antecedents

Bonardi

Rey

Richmond

et al. 1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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mentioning

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired equivalence of cues in pigeon autoshaping: Effects of training with common consequences and with common antecedents

Bonardi

Rey

Richmond

et al. 1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Existing research suggests that effort is particularly aversive, typically prompting effort The Emotive Nature of Conflict 11 avoidance when all else is equal (Brehm & Self, 1987;Hull, 1939;Kool, McGuire, Rosen, & Botvinick, 2010;Westbrook, Kester, & Braver, 2013). Thus, the close coupling between conflict and cognitive labour might give conflict a negative tone (Botvinick, 2007).…”

Section: The Emotive Nature Of Conflict Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Saunders

Lin

Milyavskaya

et al. 2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict-particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex-track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.Keywords: emotion; cognitive control; motivation; event-related potentials; negative affect; medial prefrontal cortex;The Emotive Nature of Conflict 3 The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortexMonitoring performance for goal conflicting thoughts, feelings, and behaviours underlies flexible responding in complex, unpredictable environments. During smoking cessation, for example, quickly detecting impulses (e.g., the desire to smoke) or actions (e.g., picking up a cigarette) that conflict with the goal to quit can signal the need to control behaviour, safeguarding goal progress. Beyond unwanted temptations, conflict is evoked across diverse explanatory frameworks, ranging from high-level dissonant states that emerge when individual's hold multiple inconsistent ideologies, to seemingly lower-level conflicts that occur when stimulus dimensions cue mutually incompatible responses (e.g., Stroop conflict).Underscoring the theoretical ubiquity of conflict, detecting and overcoming some internal conflict or discord is fundamental to multiple seminal perspectives in western philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience (e.g

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“…The measures of central tendency and variability of these changes 6 will be found in Table VI, and the reliability of inter- group differences in such changes is indicated by the data presented in Table VII. From these tables it is seen that the Experimental group showed a mean increase of 1.53 and median increase of 1.50 •37…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reliabilities of the differences between Experimental and Control groups on the first and second testings are reported in Table IV. 6 It will be noted that computations of central tendency, variability, and reliability are reported in terms of both mean and median measures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%