The problem of drinking water access: A review of disinfection technologies with an emphasis on solar treatment methods

Pichel, N.; Vivar, Marta; Fuentes, M.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.205

Cited by 211 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…During the experiment, the original bacterial solution had a Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration of 0.5~1 × 10 6 CFU/100 mL. E. coli is a traditionally applied indicator to monitor the microbiological water quality since it provide a direct evidence of recent faecal pollution 51 . WHO guideline suggests that no detection of E. coli in 100 mL water sample is required to identify a water source safe to drink.…”

Section: Heavy Metal Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

Chen

Zou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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it is challenging to develop a low-cost household water treatment (HWt) that simultaneously deliver an effective and robust way for safe and reliable water supply. Here, we report a simple flow-through filter made by zeolite-cotton packing in a tube (Zct) as low-cost HWt device to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water. The zeolite-cotton is fabricated by an on-site template-free growth route that tightly binds mesoporous single-crystal chabazite zeolite onto the surface of cotton fibers. As a result, the ZCT set-up with optimized diameter achieves both high adsorption efficiency, proper flow rate, reliable supply and strong stability at the same time. After flowed through the set up packed with 10 g of zeolite-cotton, 65 mL 1000 ppm Cu 2+ solution was purified down to its safety limit (<1 ppm). Notably, their efficiency remains unaltered when filtering several ions simultaneously. In a simulated purification process, 8 L of water contaminated by Cu 2+ , cd 2+ and pb 2+ could be transformed into drinking water and it enables the removal of heavy metals to concentrations of below 5 ppb (μg L −1 ). We also show that the Zct can be used for disinfection by introducing Ag-exchanged zeolite-cotton without contaminating the water with Ag ions (<0.05 ppm).Drinking water safety is one of the most serious health problems throughout the world, especially for those people in relatively undeveloped districts. Health risks may arise from consumption of water contaminated with numerous pollutants such as heavy metal ions, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceutical waste, virus and microbial pathegens 1 . As reported by World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people are using either un-improved drinking water source or faecally-contaminated water. Close to half a million diarrheal deaths in low-and middle-income countries are attributed to unsafe drinking-water, and the vast majority of these deaths occur among children under five 2 . Household water treatment (HWT) is an important public health intervention to improve the quality of drinking-water, particularly among those who rely on water from unimproved sources. Further, safe drinking-water is an immediate priority in most emergencies, and HWT can be an effective emergency response intervention 3,4 , for example, the project solar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water 5-8 , which is awarded the 2020 UNESCO Prizes, is an important HWT technique approved by WHO.Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metal ions in water is hard to notice and avoid but pose a long-term threat to human. Heavy metal contaminated water usually has no visible difference as compared to safe drinking water, however, every little intake will not degrade but accumulate in human body. Even if the heavy metal-polluted water is not directly taken by human, it can also accumulate in algae, shellfish and fish, then concentrate through food chain and finally result in serious disease such as encephalopathy, hemolytic anemia or even cancer 9-11 . Those global issues have reminded people to se...

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Section: Heavy Metal Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

Chen

Zou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), approximately 30% of the global population are currently without a safe source of drinking water, 1 which in turn leads to around half a million entirely preventable deaths per year. 1,2 Thus, affordable, simple and safe water treatment systems are necessary to meet the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 6 to "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all" by 2030. 3 However, commonly used methods of water treatment are often energetically and chemically intensive, which in turn leads to them being too expensive for use in less affluent areas that typically have some of the most dangerous water conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 However, commonly used methods of water treatment are often energetically and chemically intensive, which in turn leads to them being too expensive for use in less affluent areas that typically have some of the most dangerous water conditions. 2 Conventional industrial water treatment technologies usually employ chlorination as the means of disinfection, though UV and ozone treatments are also becoming more widespread. 2 For decentralised water treatment in rural areas, chlorination is not always suitable due to the requirement for trained operators, the possibility of toxic by-products, the potential for poor taste, and its ineffectiveness against eggs of certain parasites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Conventional industrial water treatment technologies usually employ chlorination as the means of disinfection, though UV and ozone treatments are also becoming more widespread. 2 For decentralised water treatment in rural areas, chlorination is not always suitable due to the requirement for trained operators, the possibility of toxic by-products, the potential for poor taste, and its ineffectiveness against eggs of certain parasites. Although more effective against a range of biological contaminants, UV technologies can be very energy intensive and require that the mercury-containing lamps be replaced every 6-12 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field testing of low-cost titania-based photocatalysts for enhanced solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural India

Porley

Chatzisymeon

Meikap

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…Currently, the disinfection and purification of water takes place through several purification techniques such as the chemical purification (chlorination or ozonation), biological treatment (activated sludge), membrane systems (ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis) or physicochemical treatment (flocculation, coagulation). However, each technique displays its shortcomings [1]. Water disinfection is an issue that has attracted governments and the scientific community since most of outbreaks of diseases come as a result of water and food-borne enteric bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Salmonella in Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Materials

et al. 2020

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A series of clay minerals and clay-based materials have been tested to eliminate one of the most dangerous bacteria we can find in the water: Salmonella. It has been proven that the use of clays and their PCH materials can be a suitable method for removing Salmonella from water. The results of this initial study show that all the materials analyzed have great salmonella adsorption capacities ranging from the lowest value observed in the mont-PCH sample (0.29 × 1010 CFU g−1) to the highest value observed in the natural palygorskite sample (1.52 × 1010 CFU g−1). Macroporosity, accessible external surface area, and the presence of silanol groups in the external surface of the particles appears to be the controlling factors for Salmonella adsorption capacity while it seems that the structural characteristics of the clay minerals and their respective PCH does not affect the adsorption capacity.

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The problem of drinking water access: A review of disinfection technologies with an emphasis on solar treatment methods

Cited by 211 publications

References 133 publications

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

Field testing of low-cost titania-based photocatalysts for enhanced solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural India

Adsorption of Salmonella in Clay Minerals and Clay-Based Materials

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