The Private Sector in Public Office

Hou, Yue

doi:10.1017/9781108632522

Cited by 71 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This paper follows some of the main concepts developed in [13] to design a mixed multiscale method, which has a convergence rate proportional to H/Λ, where H is the coarse-mesh size and Λ is the smallest eigenvalue that the corresponding eigenvector is not included in the coarse spaces. To obtain first order convergence in terms of the coarse-mesh size, we use some ideas from [36,33,35,28]. The proposed approach requires some oversampling and a special basis construction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method in the mixed formulation

2018

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This paper presents a novel mass-conservative mixed multiscale method for solving flow equations in heterogeneous porous media. The media properties (the permeability) contain multiple scales and high contrast. The proposed method solves the flow equation in a mixed formulation on a coarse grid by constructing multiscale basis functions. The resulting velocity field is mass conservative on the fine grid. Our main goal is to obtain first-order convergence in terms of the mesh size which is independent of local contrast. This is achieved, first, by constructing some auxiliary spaces, which contain global information that can not be localized, in general. This is built on our previous work on the Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM). In the auxiliary space, multiscale basis functions corresponding to small (contrast-dependent) eigenvalues are selected. These basis functions represent the high-conductivity channels (which connect the boundaries of a coarse block). Next, we solve local problems to construct multiscale basis functions for the velocity field. These local problems are formulated in the oversampled domain taking into account some constraints with respect to auxiliary spaces. The latter allows fast spatial decay of local solutions and, thus, allows taking smaller oversampled regions. The number of basis functions depends on small eigenvalues of the local spectral problems. Moreover, multiscale pressure basis functions are needed in constructing the velocity space. Our multiscale spaces have a minimal dimension, which is needed to avoid contrast-dependence in the convergence. The method's convergence requires an oversampling of several layers. We present an analysis of our approach. Our numerical results confirm that the convergence rate is first order with respect to the mesh size and independent of the contrast.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method in the mixed formulation

2018

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“…In that sense the presence of Bloch Firstly, the authors of Ref. [16] have recently found that the formation of multiskyrmion clusters is suppressed in samples that are annealed at elevated temperatures prior to magnetic measurements [25]. This would be in line with the fact that pinning by defects of the crystal lattice stabilizes Bloch lines against moving inside domain walls towards the sample boundary.…”

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confidence: 83%

Skyrmion clusters from Bloch lines in ferromagnetic films

Garanin

Chudnovsky

Zhang

2017

EPL

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PACS 75.70.Ak -Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films PACS 75.70.Kw -Domain structure PACS 12.39.Dc -SkyrmionsAbstract -Conditions under which various skyrmion objects emerge in experiments on thin magnetic films remain largely unexplained. We investigate numerically centrosymmetric spin lattices in films of finite thickness with ferromagnetic exchange, magnetic anisotropy, and dipole-dipole interaction. Evolution of labyrinth domains into compact topological structures on application of the magnetic field is found to be governed by the configuration of Bloch lines inside domain walls. Depending on the combination of Bloch lines, the magnetic domains evolve into individual skyrmions, biskyrmions, or more complex topological objects. While the geometry of such objects is sensitive to the parameters, their topological charge is uniquely determined by the topological charge of Bloch lines inside the magnetic domain from which the object emerges.

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“…As a result, many of these firms, which found their own bureaucratic patrons, are not motivated to upgrade and raise their productivity, and are instead competing in a "race to the bottom" for predatory pricing. Moreover, confronting the reality that China has less secured property rights protection, as do other authoritarian countries, private entrepreneurs have a strong incentive to form collusive relationships with local bureaucrats to protect their wealth against state predation 39 Consequently, since the 1990s the major source of economic growth in China has shifted from rural entrepreneurship to state capitalism, even though there has been continuous growth of private capitalism in urban areas 40 Critics of the above argument focusing on the CCP's cooptation strategy point out that the number of private firms increased rapidly in the 1990s 41 However, as Yasheng Huang argues, although private entrepreneurs in the 1980s contributed significantly to rapid development, those since the 1990s have not 42 While most studies only include the firms that are formally registered as "privately managed enterprises" (siying qiye) in the private entrepreneurs, Huang also includes small-scale unregistered individual household enterprises (getihu qiye) in that category. These small-scale household enterprises usually try to avoid interactions with the state 43 In the meantime, many of the registered private entrepreneurs were successful in business by using their political ties that had been established from their previous professional experience as an SOE manager or as a government official 44 Not surprisingly, those nominally private entrepreneurs who have strong ties to the CCP do not demand democratization but support the current oneparty rule 45 Because the CCP successfully created the collusive and corrupt vested interests of the nominally private entrepreneurs, nominal privatization of the SOEs in the 1990s formed the basis of the CCP's cooptation strategy under state capitalism.…”

Section: Internationalists Meet Reformistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade, security, and authoritarianism: domestic politics of foreign policy making in China

Takeuchi

2020

Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies

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Could trade bring security and stability to international relations? China has become one of the most important players in the global economy without being democratized. In this article, I present a game-theoretic model in which an authoritarian state would behave more cooperatively in international relations if internationalists are empowered vis-à-vis hardliners in domestic politics. Reformists and internationalists are likely partners. The reformists have a strong incentive to use the free trade agreements' (FTAs) stipulating domestic regulations as external pressure to advance structural reforms: they see intra-industry trade, enhanced by global value chains (GVCs), as a means to achieve sustainable economic growth. This article breaks down the broader claim that FTAs regulating GVCs-based intra-industry trade are connected to regional security in two steps: first, FTAs empower the reformistinternationalist coalition; and second, the empowered reformist internationalists make the state's behavior more cooperative in the international sphere. The model's equilibrium outcome implies that the FTAs that require the signatories to be committed to domestic economic reforms will promote international cooperation and strengthen regional security by empowering people who favor reform and internationalism in each state's domestic politics. This means, if an authoritarian state is involved in the global economy and benefits from international economic transactions, like China does, then concluding and spreading FTAs requiring domestic economic reforms would be more effective policy to bring security and stability than promoting democratic transitions.

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The Private Sector in Public Office

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method in the mixed formulation

Constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method in the mixed formulation

Skyrmion clusters from Bloch lines in ferromagnetic films

Trade, security, and authoritarianism: domestic politics of foreign policy making in China

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