The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity

Topley, W. W. C.; Wilson, G. S.

doi:10.1097/00010694-193706000-00010

Cited by 52 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…aureus, being carried, like Strep. pyogenes (Topley & Wilson, 1946), by a small proportion only of normal subjects. The infected burn or wound is clearly the major reservoir of Ps.…”

Section: A Note On the Protection Of Exposed Burns Against Pseudomonamentioning

confidence: 87%

The epidemiology of infection withPseudomonas pyocyaneain a burns unit

Lowbury

Fox

1954

J. Hyg.

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A bacteriological study of burned patients and of the staff and environment in a burns unit was made with the purpose of discovering the principal reservoirs and routes of transfer ofPs. pyocyanea.Infected burns appeared to be the most important reservoirs. About 3 % of the stools of normal subjects and of patients with intestinal symptoms carried the organism, which was also isolated from the nose, throat, nasopharynx, skin and ear of a small proportion of patients and staff in the burns wards.The hands of nurses in the wards were often contaminated withPs. pyocyanea, and presented a likely vector in the transfer of the organism by contact—e.g. from the bandages of infected patients, and from furniture and other objects near to their beds.It was shown by slide agglutination that a new type ofPs. pyocyaneaadmitted to one of the wards spread freely in that ward but hardly at all to the other ward. Since patients from both wards used the same dressing station and operating theatres, it seemed from this finding that a large proportion of the cross-infection occurred in the wards.Polymyxin dusting powder was shown in a controlled trial to protect exposed burns against contamination byPs. pyocyanea.These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of transfer of the organism and the methods of preventing cross-infection. The need to use several methods concurrently is emphasized, since none of those which have been investigated contributes more than a partial effect. Cubicle wards are advocated, since much cross-infection is shown to occur in open wards.We are much indebted to Dr G. T. Cook for kindly letting us use results obtained by him at the Oxford Public Health Laboratory. We also wish to thank Prof. J. F. D. Shrewsbury of Birmingham University and our colleagues at the Birmingham Accident Hospital for their valuable co-operation, and Dr A. C. Cunliffe of King's College Hospital for information on the typing ofProteusfrom patients in our wards.

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“…aureus, being carried, like Strep. pyogenes (Topley & Wilson, 1946), by a small proportion only of normal subjects. The infected burn or wound is clearly the major reservoir of Ps.…”

Section: A Note On the Protection Of Exposed Burns Against Pseudomonamentioning

confidence: 87%

The epidemiology of infection withPseudomonas pyocyaneain a burns unit

Lowbury

Fox

1954

J. Hyg.

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“…Tarring the ears within the next 7 days, however, to such extent as to induce hyperplasia, brought out a horde of growths. One may recall in this general connection that bacteriophage multiplies only in the presence of young, actively growing bacteria (12) and that the first evidence of infection with vaccine virus, herpes virus, and virus III is found in the young cells filling in the defects consequent on scarification (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell State as Affecting Susceptibility to a Virus

Friedewald

1942

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Rabbit skin can be rendered abnormally susceptible to papilloma virus infection by preliminary treatments with a variety of agents. The most effective agents thus far found are 0.3 per cent methylcholanthrene in benzene and a mixture in equal parts of turpentine and acetone, applied four or five times at 2 day intervals. When virus is inoculated into skin altered by these agents, either intradermally or by inunction after scarification, papillomas appear earlier and in greater number than on normal skin, and much higher dilutions give rise to growths. The method provides a means of detecting amounts of virus which cause no papillomas upon inoculation into normal skin. Papilloma virus material which is rubbed into scarified normal or hyperplastic skin is largely lost in the scabbing which ensues, and nearly all of it fails to reach susceptible cells. The preparatory agents which increase the effectiveness of the virus bring about marked epidermal hyperplasia, and the hyperplastic tissue regenerates with greater rapidity when scarified. The agents evidently act in large part by providing young epidermal cells in quantity to the virus, as also by inducing a richer vascularization than ordinary in support of the papillomatous proliferation. It is possible that they also act by providing especially susceptible cells. The implications of the findings are discussed.

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“…Like so many of the other major infectious diseases of man, an understanding of the epidemiology of human typhoid and the means whereby it could be controlled predate the bacteriology era (Topley & Wilson, 1936;Henderson, 1976). Bacteriology assisted in confirming potential sources of infection and in understanding the status of the carrier, but also by providing, with serology, a sound basis for diagnosis.…”

Section: Fowl Typhoid and Pullorum Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sir Graham Wilson, first director of the Public Health Laboratory Service in England and Wales, who died a few years ago, always stated that "in the study of any branch of science, an acquaintance with the historical development of knowledge is an important element in a clear understanding of our present conceptions" (Topley & Wilson, 1936). This also applies to the study of salmonellosis in poultry, and it is additionally interesting and enlightening that over 60 years ago some of the problems had already been identified and, in a few cases, characterized in such detail that little additional work has been required since.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella control—past, present and future

1993

Avian Pathology

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SUMMARYThe perception of Salmonella infection as a problem to the poultry industry has changed as the industry itself has changed. Other factors include increasing awareness of health and food quality. Acquisition of more information on the microbiology of Salmonella and the epidemiology of infection in poultry and man, have not, with a few exceptions, enabled us to eliminate Salmonella from poultry and from the food chain. Control of the poultry pathogens S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, the major pathogens of concern to the industry in the early days of intensification, was achieved in many countries by a coordinated policy of hygienic measures together with serological testing and slaughter. However, fowl typhoid and pullorum disease remain major economic problems in many countries and attempts should continue to improve the methods for their control. More recent problems involving establishment in national flocks of Salmonella serotypes of public health significance, such as Typhimurium and Enteritidis are more intractable because of their more complex epidemiology involving extensive faecal excretion with associated environmental contamination and the existence of many additional reservoirs of infection. At the very minimum most countries are increasing monitoring of these and other serotypes. Some countries with relatively small, isolated national flocks have been able to reduce the incidence of infection in poultry and man to very low levels by rigorous monitoring and slaughter. Changes in legislation in the United Kingdom and the European Community will attempt to reduce the incidence of infection in breeding flocks and to reduce the significance of animal feed as a source of infection. Whilst these measures and continued research programmes are essential more could be done in terms of management, farm hygiene and feed production. A co-ordinated approach would require the approval of the industry in the first instance which presupposes a degree of financial support for some of the measures that would be necessary. Because of the potentially enormous cost of such control measures and the disruption to the poultry industry that could occur discussions must initially be instigated with relevant parties as to the desire for Salmonella control and the extent to which it should be taken.

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The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity

Abstract: We are sorry to commence a review of the second edition of a book that is m our opinion by far the

Cited by 52 publications

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The epidemiology of infection withPseudomonas pyocyaneain a burns unit

The epidemiology of infection withPseudomonas pyocyaneain a burns unit

Cell State as Affecting Susceptibility to a Virus

Salmonella control—past, present and future

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