The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States: A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective

Long, Keith R.; Gosen, Bradley S. Van; Foley, Nora K.; Cordier, Daniel

doi:10.3133/sir20105220

Cited by 160 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…The Bokan Mountain granitic complex hosts the former Ross-Adams mine, the only uranium producer to date from Alaska (Long et al, 2010). This mine, which was in operation intermittently between 1957 and 1971, produced about 77,000 t of high-grade uranium ore that averaged about 1 wt.% U 3 O 8 and nearly 3 wt.% ThO 2 (Long et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): Geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization

Dostál

Kontak

Karl

2014

Lithos

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): Geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization

Dostál

Kontak

Karl

2014

Lithos

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“…Currently, REEs have high prices and are widely used in the high-tech industry. Some of the most important uses are automotive catalytic converters, fluid cracking catalysts in petroleum refining, phosphors in flat panel displays permanent magnets and rechargeable batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles, generators for wind turbines, space-based satellites, and numerous medical devices (Humphries, 2012;Long et al, 2010). In addition, REEs have been used in agriculture in China for the last 30 years in order to enhance yield and improve crop quality (Liu et al, 2012a;Wang et al, 2012;Zeng et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and effects of lanthanum on growth and mitotic index in soybean plants

Oliveira

Ramos²,

Siqueira

et al. 2015

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…(Long et al 2012). However, most rare earth elements are found in low concentrations in extractable ore deposits, thus their extraction is associated with large amount of wastes, including radioactive compounds that dictate environmental regulations and thus result in higher costs.…”

Section: Geopolrisk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 93%

Geopolitical-related supply risk assessment as a complement to environmental impact assessment: the case of electric vehicles

Gemechu

Sonnemann

Young

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Introducing a geopolitical-related supply risk (GeoPolRisk) into the life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework adds a criticality aspect to the current life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to more meaningfully address direct impacts on Natural Resource AoP. The weakness of resource indicators in LCA has been the topic of discussion within the life cycle community for some time. This paper presents a case study on how to proceed towards the integration of resource criticality assessment into LCA under the LCSA. The paper aims at highlighting the significance of introducing the GeoPolRisk indicator to complement and extend the established environmental LCA impact categories. Methods A newly developed GeoPolRisk indicator proposed by Gemechu et al., J Ind Ecol (2015) was applied to metals used in the life cycle of an electric vehicle, and the results are compared with an attributional LCA of the same resources. The inventory data is based on the publication by Hawkins et al., J Ind Ecol 17:53-64 (2013), which provides a current, transparent, and detailed life cycle inventory data of a European representative first-generation battery small electric vehicle. Results and discussion From the 14 investigated metals, copper, aluminum, and steel are the most dominant elements that pose high environmental impacts. On the other hand, magnesium and neodymium show relatively higher supply risk when geopolitical elements are considered. While, the environmental indicator results all tend to point the same hotspots which arise from the substantial use of resources in the electric vehicle's life cycle, the GeoPolRisk highlights that there are important elements present in very small amounts but crucial to the overall LCSA. It provides a complementary sustainability dimension that can be added to conventional LCA as an important extension within LCSA. Conclusions Resource challenges in a short-term time perspective can be better addressed by including social and geopolitical factors in addition to the conventional indicators which are based on their geological availability. This is more significant for modern technologies such as electronic devices in which critical resources contribute to important components. The case study advances the use of the GeoPolRisk assessment method but does still face certain limitations that need further elaboration; however, directions for future research are promising.

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The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States: A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective

Cited by 160 publications

References 0 publications

The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): Geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization

The Early Jurassic Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex (southeastern Alaska): Geochemistry, petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization

Bioaccumulation and effects of lanthanum on growth and mitotic index in soybean plants

Geopolitical-related supply risk assessment as a complement to environmental impact assessment: the case of electric vehicles

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