2010
DOI: 10.4324/9780203832240
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The Primary Science and Technology Encyclopedia

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“…The relationship between science and technology has been characterized by Gardner (1994) as follows: science precedes technology because technological development is based on scientific knowledge (Technology as Applied Science-TAS); science and technology are independent, with different goals, methods, and outcomes; technology precedes science, meaning that historically and ontologically it is situated before science to which it provides the instrumentation and artifacts necessary for its conceptual development; technology and science interact bidirectionally, the scientists and the technologists are learning from each other (Collier et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The relationship between science and technology has been characterized by Gardner (1994) as follows: science precedes technology because technological development is based on scientific knowledge (Technology as Applied Science-TAS); science and technology are independent, with different goals, methods, and outcomes; technology precedes science, meaning that historically and ontologically it is situated before science to which it provides the instrumentation and artifacts necessary for its conceptual development; technology and science interact bidirectionally, the scientists and the technologists are learning from each other (Collier et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%