The Primary Role of Fibrinogen-Related Proteins in Invertebrates Is Defense, Not Coagulation

Background: The molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium invasion in mosquito midguts are not well understood. Results: The mosquito midgut peritrophic matrix protein FREP1 binds Plasmodia. Blocking parasite-FREP1 interactions or ablating FREP1 expression reduced P. falciparum infection in mosquitoes. Conclusion: FREP1 functions as a critical host factor that mediates Plasmodium invasion in mosquito midguts. Significance: Targeting FREP1 may inhibit Plasmodium transmission to mosquitoes and the spread of malaria.

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“…Invertebrate FREP/FBN family members tend to multimerize to exert their physiological functions (34). For example, the An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheles Midgut FREP1 Mediates Plasmodium Invasion

Zhang

Niu

Franca

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Genes encoding lectin-like proteins, including C-type lectin, fibrinogen-related proteins and C1q domain-containing proteins (C1QDCs), are highly over-represented in the oyster genome (P , 0.0001; Supplementary Table 18); these genes have important roles in the innate immune response in invertebrates [27][28][29] . Interestingly, many immune-related genes, including genes coding for Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, defensin, C-typelectin-domain-containing proteins and C1QDCs, are highly expressed in the digestive gland ( Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Article Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

Zhang

Fang

Guo³

et al. 2012

Nature

1,895

1,922

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The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa.Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and harbour most of the phylum diversity of the animal kingdom. Understanding marine biodiversity and its evolution remains a major challenge. The Pacific oyster C. gigas (Thunberg, 1793) is a marine bivalve belonging to the phylum Mollusca, which contains the largest number of described marine animal species 1 . Molluscs have vital roles in the functioning of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, and have had major effects on humans, primarily as food sources but also as sources of dyes, decorative pearls and shells, vectors of parasites, and biofouling or destructive agents. Many molluscs are important fishery and aquaculture species, as well as models for studying neurobiology, biomineralization, ocean acidification and adaptation to coastal environments under climate change 2,3 . As the most speciose member of the Lophotrochozoa, phylum Mollusca is central to our understanding of the biology and evolution of this superphylum of protostomes.As sessile marine animals living in estuarine and intertidal regions, oysters must cope with harsh and dynamically changing environments. Abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity fluctuate wildly, and toxic metals and desiccation also pose serious challenges. Filter-feeding oysters face tremendous exposure to microbial pathogens. Oysters do have a notable physical line of defence against predation and desiccation in the formation of thick calcified shells, a key evolutionary innovation making molluscs a successful group. However, acidification of the world's oceans by uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide poses a potentially serious threat to this ancient adaptation 4 . Understanding biomineralization and molluscan shell formation is, thus, a major area of interest 5 . Crassostrea gigas is also an interesting model for developmental biology owing to its mosaic development with typical molluscan stages, including trochophore and veliger larvae and metamorphosis.A complete genome sequence of C. gigas would enable a more th...

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“…[1][2][3][4][5]. Some examples include fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) in molluscs (6,7), V region-containing chitin-binding proteins in protochordates (8,9), and R proteins in plants (1). Highly diverse immune response genes identified from several sea urchin species are members of the 185/333 family (10), which was originally identified by changes in gene expression in coelomocytes from immune-challenged compared with nonchallenged purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) (11,12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Single Sea Urchin Phagocytes Express Messages of a Single Sequence from the DiverseSp185/333Gene Family in Response to Bacterial Challenge

Majeske

Oren

Sacchi

et al. 2014

The Journal of Immunology

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Immune systems in animals rely on fast and efficient responses to a wide variety of pathogens. The Sp185/333 gene family in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, consists of an estimated 50 (±10) members per genome that share a basic gene structure but show high sequence diversity, primarily due to the mosaic appearance of short blocks of sequence called elements. The genes show significantly elevated expression in three subpopulations of phagocytes responding to marine bacteria. The encoded Sp185/333 proteins are highly diverse and have central effector functions in the immune system. In this study we report the Sp185/333 gene expression in single sea urchin phagocytes. Sea urchins challenged with heat-killed marine bacteria resulted in a typical increase in coelomocyte concentration within 24 h, which included an increased proportion of phagocytes expressing Sp185/333 proteins. Phagocyte fractions enriched from coelomocytes were used in limiting dilutions to obtain samples of single cells that were evaluated for Sp185/333 gene expression by nested RT-PCR. Amplicon sequences showed identical or nearly identical Sp185/333 amplicon sequences in single phagocytes with matches to six known Sp185/333 element patterns, including both common and rare element patterns. This suggested that single phagocytes show restricted expression from the Sp185/333 gene family and infers a diverse, flexible, and efficient response to pathogens. This type of expression pattern from a family of immune response genes in single cells has not been identified previously in other invertebrates.

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The Primary Role of Fibrinogen-Related Proteins in Invertebrates Is Defense, Not Coagulation

Cited by 170 publications

References 151 publications

Anopheles Midgut FREP1 Mediates Plasmodium Invasion

Anopheles Midgut FREP1 Mediates Plasmodium Invasion

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

Single Sea Urchin Phagocytes Express Messages of a Single Sequence from the DiverseSp185/333Gene Family in Response to Bacterial Challenge

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