THE PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF <i>TRIBOLIUM</i>
 POPULATIONS GROUP SELECTED FOR INCREASED AND DECREASED POPULATION SIZE

Wade, Michael J.

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04727.x

Cited by 60 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Just as single species are often subdivided into local populations that can serve as units of selection, communities are often subdivided into local patches that vary in their species and genetic composition. We can begin to understand the implications of community-level selection by comparing the classic group selection experiments of Wade (1976Wade ( , 1977 with more recent community-level selection experiments by Goodnight (1990a, b). Wade formed groups of N ϭ 16 flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) and treated population size after 37 d as a group-level phenotypic character in an artificial selection experiment that would have been mundane if it had been conducted at the individual level.…”

Section: Applying Multilevel Selection Theory To Multispecies Communimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Communities as Functionally Organized Units

Wilson

1997

Ecology

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Multilevel selection theory, which has been used to explain the functional organization of individuals and single-species social groups, can be extended to explain the functional organization of multispecies communities. Adaptation at lower levels of the biological hierarchy, such as the individual, does not automatically lead to adaptation at higher levels. Community-level functional organization therefore requires a process of natural selection among local communities that vary in their species and/or genetic composition. Community-level selection has been demonstrated in the laboratory and is plausible for many natural communities. Mutualisms, strong ecological effects, and complex systems dynamics do not by themselves produce functional organization and therefore should be studied in conjunction with multilevel selection theory.

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Section: Applying Multilevel Selection Theory To Multispecies Communimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Communities as Functionally Organized Units

Wilson

1997

Ecology

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“…The evolutionary role of group selection has been a topic of controversy for over half a century. Group selection is defined as the "process of genetic change brought about or maintained by the differential extinction and/or proliferation of populations" (Wade, 1976(Wade, , 1977. Theoretical work suggests that group selection may be an effective evolutionary force only under very restrictive conditions.…”

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“…Experiments described in the following sections will test some of this theory and offer new insights into the necessary conditions for evolutionary change when the group is the evolutionary unit. Wade (1978) has categorized the models of group selection into two types, depending upon whether the groups are localized breeding demes or are panmictic. Group selection models in the first category (Wright, 1945;Maynard Smith, 1964;Levins, 1970;Boorman and Levitt, 1973;Gilpin, 1974Gilpin, , 1975Levin and Kilmer, 1974) operate through the differential proliferation and/or loss of local demes and conform closely to the process which the current study examines.…”

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“…Similar conditions are indicated by the other theoretical works. However, Wade (1978) has noted that some of the assumptions underlying these models are unfavorable to the operation of group selection. For example, almost all of the models assume that a single allele can significantly change the probability of survival of a population, yet many genetical aspects important to the group selection process, such as epistasis and the effect of the biotic environment on fitness, cannot be discussed adequately in the context of a single locus model.…”

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Group Selection Versus Individual Selection: An Experimental Analysis

Craig¹

1982

Evolution

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“…This is obviously a complex property, which is related to the intrinsic rate of increase and which is determined by the interactions among all the individuals in each population. Wade (1979) and McCauley and Wade (1980) have shown that this property cannot be attributed to a single phenotypic change in individuals. Nevertheless, I will show that many of the qualitative and quantitative features of the results of the Wade-McCauley experiments can be predicted using an additive model of a quantitative character.…”

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Populational Heritability

Slatkin¹

1981

Evolution

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The potential importance of group or interdemic selection as an evolutionary force depends on the potential for local genetic differentiation. If there are significant genetic differences among local populations, there can be little doubt that selection based on those differences can lead to genetic change. Theoretical studies should examine carefully the mechanisms that can establish and maintain local genetic differences, since group selection, no matter how intense, cannot act in the absence of those differences.The purpose of this study is to examine how between-population genetic differences in the average value of a quantitative character are established and maintained in local populations. I will show that this process can be easily understood in terms of the partitioning of variance among lines in a subdivided population. The analysis of a populational characteristic leads to the definition of the "populational heritability," which is analogous to the heritability used in quantitative genetics. The idea of populational heritability is well known in quantitative genetics and is similar to the "heritability of the family mean" (Falconer, 1960, Ch. 13). But it has not been related to the evolutionary problem of group selection.This paper is partly motivated by general considerations of group selection and partly by a set of experiments by Wade and McCauley (1980) on the establishment of between-population genetic differences in Tribolium castaneum. These experiments provide a particular context in which to discuss the more general problem and data with which to compare the predictions of the simple theory developed in this paper. Wade and McCauley used as a populational characteristic the numbers of adults obtained after 45 days from pop-ulations that were started from specified numbers of adults. This is obviously a complex property, which is related to the intrinsic rate of increase and which is determined by the interactions among all the individuals in each population. Wade (1979) and McCauley and Wade (1980) have shown that this property cannot be attributed to a single phenotypic change in individuals. Nevertheless, I will show that many of the qualitative and quantitative features of the results of the Wade-McCauley experiments can be predicted using an additive model of a quantitative character. The ModelThe model is developed using a combination of standard methods in quantitative genetics and methods for the determination of probabilities of identity by descent of alleles in a subdivided population. The model consists of two distinct parts. The first part determines the partitioning of the variance of the average value of a quantitative character among local populations as a function of the covariance between alleles in those populations. The second part determines how those covariances are affected by the population structure.Part 1.-The model will be formulated to facilitate comparison with the Wade-McCauley results. Consider a monecious, diploid species which is divided into n local populations....

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THE PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBOLIUM POPULATIONS GROUP SELECTED FOR INCREASED AND DECREASED POPULATION SIZE

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Biological Communities as Functionally Organized Units

Biological Communities as Functionally Organized Units

Group Selection Versus Individual Selection: An Experimental Analysis

Populational Heritability

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