The price we pay for land: The political economy of Pukekohe’s development

Abstract

Like many other rapidly growing urban centres across the world, Auckland City finds itself caught between the unending demand for land to accommodate new residential and commercial developments, and the need to preserve the agricultural institutions that support dense urban populations. Land at the periphery of Auckland’s urban expansion has become significantly more lucrative when developed for housing and commercial interests than when used to grow food. The question of what farmers, residents, property developers and Council planners value land for is now crucial to preserving Auckland’s food security and food sovereignty in the near future. This article takes Pukekohe – an agricultural powerhouse and soon-to-be new satellite town at the southern periphery of urban Auckland – as a case study for this phenomenon. I first present a discourse analysis of development in government planning documents, demonstrating that discourses of flexible planning and economic opportunity enable the unchecked loss of productive land to ad hoc urban sprawl. I then turn to media interviews and statements from prominent Pukekohe stakeholders and relate their positions to Stephen Gudeman’s theory of the five spheres of economic abstraction, arguing that one’s working relationship to land defines the value it holds for them. Lastly, I take the conclusions drawn from these two approaches to discuss the political economy of Pukekohe’s urban development, detailing the ways in which the patterns of Auckland’s urban growth privilege the short-term generation of revenue over the substantial foundations of our existence. This contradiction has been faced by cities across the planet for much of the course of human history, yet it has never been more relevant than it is today, as the world’s urban population significantly increases and the realities of climate change force us to reconsider the future of global food production.

Development of Land Price Model with Geographically Weighted Regression on the Existence of Spatial Planning Zones: A Case Study in the Eastern Bandung City

“…Furthermore, numerical analysis with a golden section search is carried out, which proceeds iteratively to obtain the optimum bandwidth. The AICc equation is [11]: AIC c = 2nlog e σ + nlog e 2π + n n + tr(S) n -2 -tr(S) (7) Where: n = number of observations σ̂ = estimated standard error resulting from dividing the residual sum of square (RSS) by the number of observations tr(S) = trace of hat matrix S is the ranking or rank of the projection matrix, which contains the independent variables…”

Soil science education: A multinational look at current perspectives

“…Since the 1990s, the rise of evaluating natural capital and ecosystem services has expanded the value provided by soil from just its ability to produce food and fiber to include accounting for other functions such as supporting biodiversity, providing resources, water purification, and cultural and economic benefits (Brevik, Pereg, et al., 2019; Costanza et al., 1997; Davies, 2017; Doran & Parkin, 1994; McBratney & Field, 2015). Where the value of these soil functions is not recognized there is the need to develop soil security through policy and raising the awareness of the community, strengthening their connections to soils (Richardson, 2021). These dimensions of capability and condition, combined with socioeconomic dimensions of capital, connectivity, and codification (Figure 1), form the evaluation strategy of soil security (McBratney et al., 2014).…”