“…The implementation of NTMs on EU agri-food imports has been widely examined in previous literature. It has paid attention to Mediterranean exports to the EU by assessing the welfare effects of NTMs elimination (Kavallari et al, 2013) or the analysis of specific trade policy instruments (Garcia-Alvarez-Coque et al, (2009, 2010; Cioffi et al, 2011;Santeramo et al, 2014). Another line of research aimed to study the policy substitution between tariffs and NTMs in some MPCs .…”