The preventive effect of ellagic acid on brain damage in rats via regulating of Nrf‐2, NF‐kB and apoptotic pathway

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective role of ellagic acid (EA) on CCl4‐induced brain injury in rats. In this study, the rats were divided into four groups. Groups: (1) Control group; (2) EA group; (3) CCl4 group; (4) EA + CCl4 group. In brain tissue, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), nuclear factor kappa b (NF‐kB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), nuclear erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf‐2), cysteine‐aspartic acid protease (caspase‐3), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (bcl‐2) protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. MDA (malondialdehyde), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) analysis were determined by spectrophotometer. In our findings, EA ameliorated Nrf‐2 and caspase‐3 protein expression levels, GSH and catalase activities, NF‐kB, TNF‐α, VEGF, Bcl‐2, COX‐2 protein expression levels and MDA levels in CCl4 intoxicated rats. These results suggest that EA demonstrated the neuroprotective effect on CCl4‐induced brain damage in rats. Practical applications Ellagic acid has different biological activities, these are; antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antidepressant, antifibrosis, anticancer, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective. For example it was reported that EA protects the cells against DNA injury induced by free radicals and it can prevent the traumatic brain injury. These results obtained from this study reveals that EA has a protective effect against rat brain damage and it may be used as an alternative drugs for the brain injury treatment in future.

The effect of ellagic acid on spinal cord and sciatica function in a mice model of multiple sclerosis

“…[ 16 ] It also increases glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes due to the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inhibitor property of the EA. [ 34 ] Recent studies showed that the EA has neuroprotective effect via enhanced Nrf‐2 and caspase‐3 NF‐κB, TNF‐α, VEGF, Bcl‐2, COX‐2 protein expression levels. [ 34–36 ] EA also has a neuroprotective role due to other mechanisms, including change in nitric oxide, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α levels.…”

“…[ 34 ] Recent studies showed that the EA has neuroprotective effect via enhanced Nrf‐2 and caspase‐3 NF‐κB, TNF‐α, VEGF, Bcl‐2, COX‐2 protein expression levels. [ 34–36 ] EA also has a neuroprotective role due to other mechanisms, including change in nitric oxide, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α levels. [ 37 ]…”

The inducing of caspase and bcl-2 pathway with royal jelly decreases the muscle tissue damage exposed with fluoride in rats

“…Then it is kept in Diaminobenzidine (DAB, Amresco) solution until the bands become apparent. Finally, the reaction is stopped by taking it into distilled water (Aslan et al 2016a;Aslan et al 2020b;Aslan 2018). GSH (Glutathione) activity measurement in muscle tissue GSH (Glutathione) concentrations in muscle tissue samples will be measured spectrophotometrically by means of glutathione reductase and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) based on enzymatic reaction.…”

“…Usually Interleukin 1 is responsible for producing in ammation as well as promoting fever and sepsis. IL-1α is produced by activated macrophages as well as neutrophils, epithelial cells and endothelial cells (Tilg and Moschen 2006;Feng et al 2011;Aslan and Can 2014;Pekmezsi et al 2018;Aslan et al 2020b;Aslan et al 2020c).…”

Saccharomyces cerevisiae’de Hidrojen Peroksit ile Oluşturulan Oksidatif Hasara Karşı Karadut (Morus nigra L.) ve Kızılcık (Cornus mas L.)’ın Bazı Moleküler Biyolojik ve Biyokimyasal Parametreler Üzerine Etkisi

“…CCl4 grubuna kıyasla EA verilen gruplarda, Nrf-2, kaspaz-3 protein ekspresyon seviyelerinin, GSH ve katalaz aktivitelerinin arttığını, NF-κB, bcl-2, TNF-α, COX-2 protein ekspresyon seviyelerinin ve MDA düzeylerinin azaldığını belirtmişlerdir. Aslan ve arkadaşları[32], sıçanların beyin dokusunda CCl4 kaynaklı oluşturulan hasara karşı EA'in nöroprotektif etkisini araştırmışlardır. EA uygulamasının Nrf-2, kaspaz-3 protein ekspresyon seviyelerini, GSH ve katalaz aktivitelerini arttırırken, NF-κB, TNF-α, VEGF, bcl-2, COX-2 protein ekspresyon seviyelerini ve MDA düzeylerini azalttığını belirtmişlerdir.Kızılcık ve karadut meyvelerinin antienflamatuar, antiproliferatif ve antitümojenik özellikleri sayesinde kanser de dâhil olmak üzere birçok hastalığın tedavisinde koruyucu etkiye sahip olduğu yapılan çalışmalarla belirlenmiştir.…”