The prevalence of mental retardation by gender, age, and age of diagnosis at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar

Koirala, Naba Raj; Bhagat, Santosh Kumar

doi:10.3126/jonmc.v1i2.7304

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Among the participants with ID in our study, the cases with mild ID types were more frequent, followed by moderate and severe ID types. These findings are similar to Koirala et al's study [ 27 ], in which also a high prevalence of mild ID was reported, followed by moderate, severe, and profound types. Further, the proportion of sensorineural defects was 19% and it constituted the second most prevalent category.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Burden of congenital and hereditary anomalies in the war-affected territory at Pakistan–Afghanistan border

2022

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Background Pashtun populations of Pakistan are the victim of long-lasting military combats, rendering 1.9 million inhabitants internally displaced. Studies highlighting congenital and hereditary anomalies in these populations are deficient. Objectives To elucidate the spectrum anomalies in the north-western war-affected territories of Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from 2017 to 2019 and individuals or families with anomalies were ascertained through convenience and cluster random sampling. Phenotypic and pedigree data and information on bio-demographic variables were collected. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results A total of 361 independent individuals or families with anomalies were recruited. The anomalies were grouped into 8 major and 72 minor entities. Among major categories, neurological disorders had the highest representation (n = 100; proportion: 0.277; 95% CI: 0.231–0.323), followed by sensorineural defects (n = 70; prop.: 0.194), limb defects (n = 60; prop.: 0.166), visual impairments (n = 55; prop.: 0.152), and musculoskeletal defects (n = 37; prop.: 0.102). Among the neurological disorders, intellectual disability had the highest occurrence (58%), whereas talipes and limb amputations were the most prominent in limb defects (22% and 20%, respectively). The anomalies had sporadic and isolated presentations most often (76% each), while parental consanguinity was observed in 34% of index cases. Conclusions The high incidence of neurological, sensorineural, and limb defects, the preponderance of sporadic cases, and low level of parental consanguinity may indicate a potentially high contribution of nongenetic factors in the etiology of anomalies. The majority of anomalies are the cause of severe disability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Burden of congenital and hereditary anomalies in the war-affected territory at Pakistan–Afghanistan border

2022

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“…It shows that compared to previous studies over there it was not only children who are brought to the hospital by their parents at an early age due to possible developmental delay or poor school performance but patients can reach health services at any age and for variety of reasons. 9 Unlike previous studies, there was no gender difference but it was predominantly urban and higher economic class dominated population. 9 Studies have consistently shown that individuals from low socioeconomic status and rural areas are over represented among those with mild mental retardation, but in this study differing finding could have been due to the profile of patient population visiting our hospital.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…9 Unlike previous studies, there was no gender difference but it was predominantly urban and higher economic class dominated population. 9 Studies have consistently shown that individuals from low socioeconomic status and rural areas are over represented among those with mild mental retardation, but in this study differing finding could have been due to the profile of patient population visiting our hospital. 2,5,7,10 Majority of them consulted on their own with a specific health inquiry and expectation of treatment, though only some of them were referred by other specialists with a specific request of IQ assessment / diagnostic purpose (Psychiatrists & Gynecologists), and hardly by the school persons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Though many times mild disability is unnoticed and patients fail to reach hospital for a long time, leading to low prevalence rates compared to moderate disability (as in this study). 9,18 CONCLUSION Thus this study brings to light the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients with intellectual disability. Further studies analyzing the correlations between the degree of intellectual disability, etio-pathological factors, developmental milestones as well as co-morbid physical and mental disorders can be useful to understand the scenario further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…8 Although common amongst children, mental retardation is the most difficult categories of childhood disability to document epidemiologically, in part because its causes are multi-factorial. 9 Patients with intellectual disability visiting the hospital for the first time had a wide age range of 3 to 75 years and a mean of 17.5 years. It shows that compared to previous studies over there it was not only children who are brought to the hospital by their parents at an early age due to possible developmental delay or poor school performance but patients can reach health services at any age and for variety of reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profile of patients with intellectual disability visiting a tertiary care center in western India

et al. 2014

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Mental Retardation occurs in 2-3% of general population and is one of the most common disorders among children. Traditionally IQ testing is considered to be the standard assessment procedure for patients with Intellectual Disability. 1-3 Unfortunate neuropsychological aspect of mental retardation has not received enough attention despite its importance. Associated handicaps in hearing, vision, motor skills, language impairment, behavioral disturbances, inadequate motivation, and cultural deprivation may adversely influence the outcome on an intelligence test. If these factors are not taken into consideration, the general level of a child's abilities may either be under or overestimated. 4 The etiologies of mental retardation are multiple, and its prevalence can also be influenced by social, economic, cultural, racial/ethnic, and other environmental factors including the demographics of age and gender. 5,6 Clinically low IQ level is commonly seen as a part of a syndrome or found co-morbid with variety of other childhood medical and psychiatric disorders. Assessment of intellectual disability should not be merely by IQ assessment but include comprehensive assessment of psychological factors, diverse co-morbid conditions and deficits. There is a dearth of studies focusing on these issues from India and so this study was planned to determine the profile of patients with intellectual disability by focusing ABSTRACT Background: Intellectual disability is commonly associated with variety of etio-pathological and co-morbid conditions influencing outcome of rehabilitative measures. Understanding of these factors helps in better management of disabled condition. Methods: A qualitative retrospective case record review, of patients with intellectual disability, visiting psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital, within a period of one year, was conducted to assess their epidemiological and clinical profile. Results: Patients with Intellectual disability are brought to the hospital at all ages and commonly by their parents. Etiologically related various perinatal factors (delayed birth cry and seizures being most common) as well as childhood medical conditions (epilepsy and recurrent respiratory/GI infections being most common) were commonly found in these patients. Milestones are delayed in almost 60-70% of cases whereas various physical and psychiatric conditions commonly co-existed with disability. Conclusion: Clinical profile of these patients demands a comprehensive evaluation and management apart from routine IQ assessment.

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Gambaran Umum Pola Asuh Pada Anak Retardasi Mental Di Rsud Dr. Soetomo

Rahmadhanti

Febriyana

Suryawan

et al. 2019

PNJ

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ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Pola Asuh yang diterapkan oleh orang tua dalam merawat anak dengan retardasi mental, berperan dalam pembentukan karakter anak. Namun, seringkali orang tua kurang memahami kondisi anaknya yang menderita retardasi mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui gambaran umum pola asuh orang tua terhadap anak dengan retardasi mental.Metode : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional, Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan alat instrumen Kuesioner Pola Asuh Anak (KPAA). Penentuan jumlah sampel subyek adalah random sampling, dengan jumlah minimal 17 sampel. Kriteria inklusi subyek yaitu orang tua dari pasien anak retardasi mental yang pernah atau sedang menjalani terapi dan dianalisis menggunakan analisa univariat, analisa ini digunakan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi dan menjelaskan atau mendeskripsikan karakteristik setiap variabel penelitian.Hasil : Berdasarkan analisa data yang dilakukan, dari 20 responden, didapatkan hasil bentuk pola asuh orang tua pada anak dengan retardasi mental bentuk permisif sebanyak 55% (11 orang), bentuk otoriter 30% (6 orang), dan bentuk otoritatif 15% (3 orang).Kesimpulan : Sebagian besar responden memiliki pola asuh permisif (55%) dengan kategori usiaorang tua sebagian besar adalah dewasa awal(75%), dan tingkat pendidikan orang tua sebagian besar Sekolah Menengah Pertama (40%), dan anak dengan retardasi mental sebagian besar adalah kategori mild mental retardation (65%). Dari hasil penelitian diharapkan orang tua yang memiliki anak dengan retardasi mental, lebih memahami anaknya dengan cara tidak selalu memberikan kebebasan penuh, namun juga tidak selalu menuntut, sehingga dapat memberikan pola asuh terbaik yang telah disesuaikan oleh orang tua dengan keadaan anak agar tercapai kualitas hidup yang optimal. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Parenting applied by parents in caring for children with mental retardation, plays a role in shaping the child's character. However, often parents do not understand the condition of their children who suffer from mental retardation. This study aims to determine the general picture of parenting parents of children with mental retardation.Method: This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional approach. Data was collected by means of the Child Care Parenting Questionnaire (KPAA) instrument. Determination of the number of sample subjects is random sampling, with a minimum number of 17 samples. Criteria for inclusion of subjects were parents of mental retarded pediatric patients who had or were undergoing therapy and were analyzed using univariate analysis, this analysis was used to determine the frequency distribution and explain or describe the characteristics of each study variable.Results: Based on data analysis conducted, from 20 respondents, obtained results of parenting in children with permissive mental retardation as much as 55% (11 people), 30% authoritarian form (6 people), and 15% authoritative form person).Conclusion: Most of the respondents have permissive parenting (55%) with the age category of parents most of them are early adulthood (75%), and the level of parental education is mostly junior high school (40%), and children with mental retardation are mostly mild mental retardation category (65%). From the results of the study it is expected that parents who have children with mental retardation, better understand their children by not always giving full freedom, but also not always demanding, so they can provide the best parenting that has been adjusted by parents to the child's condition in order to achieve a quality of life optimal.

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The prevalence of mental retardation by gender, age, and age of diagnosis at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar

Abstract: Abstract:Objectives

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Burden of congenital and hereditary anomalies in the war-affected territory at Pakistan–Afghanistan border

Burden of congenital and hereditary anomalies in the war-affected territory at Pakistan–Afghanistan border

Profile of patients with intellectual disability visiting a tertiary care center in western India

Gambaran Umum Pola Asuh Pada Anak Retardasi Mental Di Rsud Dr. Soetomo

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