The prevalence of injecting drug use in a Russian city: implications for harm reduction and coverage

Platt, Lucy; Hickman, Matthew; Rhodes, Tim; Mikhailova, Larissa; Karavashkin, Victor; Vlasov, Alexander; Tilling, Kate; Hope, Vivian; Khutorksoy, Mikhail; Renton, Adrian

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00848.x

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As other studies have demonstrated (Hser, 1993;Domingo-Salvany et al, 1998;Platt et al, 2004;Hickman et al, 2004;Böhning et al, 2004;Chiang et al, 2007;Khazaei et al, 2012;Pérez et al, 2013;Uuskula et al, 2013), the CRC approach, despite its limitations, is useful to estimate the size of PWID populations. This approach can be of particular interest when conducted at regular intervals thus allowing for close monitoring of the injection phenomenon and optimal provision of services to this high-risk population.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CRC was initially developed in animal ecology and introduced in epidemiology in the 1970s by Wittes (Wittes et al, 1974;Wittes and Sidel, 1968). It has been widely used to estimate the prevalence of problematic drug use around the world (Hser, 1993;Domingo-Salvany et al, 1998;Platt et al, 2004;Hickman et al, 2004;Böhning et al, 2004;Chiang et al, 2007;Khazaei et al, 2012;Pérez et al, 2013;Uuskula et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing the availability of sterile injection equipment and drug treatments and accessibility to HIV and HCV screening and care are important structural interventions to reduce risks associated with drug injection. To optimize the coverage of such interventions, it is essential to have access to reliable estimates of the prevalence of injection drug use in the targeted population (Platt et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in the island of Montréal, Canada, using a six-source capture–recapture model

Leclerc¹,

Vandal

Fall³

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: To plan and implement services to persons who inject drugs (PWID), knowing their number is essential. For the island of Montréal, Canada, the only estimate, of 11 700 PWID, was obtained in 1996 through a capture-recapture method. Thirteen years later, this study was undertaken to produce a new estimate.Methods: PWID were defined as individuals aged 14-65 years, having injected recently and living on the island of Montréal. The study period was 07/01/2009 to 06/30/2010. An estimate was produced using a six-source capture-recapture log-linear regression method. The data sources were two epidemiological studies and four drug dependence treatment centres. Model selection was conducted in two steps, the first focusing on interactions between sources and the second, on age group and gender as covariates and as modulators of interactions.Results: A total of 1 480 PWID were identified in the six capture sources. They corresponded to 1 132 different individuals. Based on the best-fitting model, which included age group and sex as covariates and six two-source interactions (some modulated by age), the estimated population was 3 910 PWID (95% confidence intervals (CI): 3 180-4 900) which represents a prevalence of 2.8 (95% CI: 2.3-3.5) PWID per 1000 persons aged 14-65 years. Conclusions:The 2009-2010 estimate represents a two-thirds reduction compared to the one for 1996. The multisource capture-recapture method is useful to produce estimates of the size of the PWID population. It is of particular interest when conducted at regular intervals thus allowing for close monitoring of the injection phenomenon. 3-6 key words or phrases:Injection drug use Capture-recapture Log-linear model Canada Word count: 4134 4

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in the island of Montréal, Canada, using a six-source capture–recapture model

Leclerc¹,

Vandal

Fall³

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…33,34 Article 228 was once again revised in February 2006, in effect recriminalising possession of 0.5 g and above of heroin as Blarge scale^and 2.5 g and above as Bespecially large scale.T he research we report below was undertaken in Togliatti, a city in Samara region in which 2.7% of the adult population is estimated to be IDUs. 35 An explosive outbreak of HIV was reported in the city in 2001, with 56% of 423 communityrecruited IDUs found HIV positive, and 87% found HCV positive. 27,36 The same study found that 15% of IDUs had had their needles and syringes confiscated by police in the last 4 weeks and that 83% (345) had experienced police arrest or detainment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Street Policing, Injecting Drug Use and Harm Reduction in a Russian City: A Qualitative Study of Police Perspectives

Rhodes

Platt

Sarang³

et al. 2006

J Urban Health

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We undertook a qualitative exploration of police perspectives on injecting drug use and needle and syringe access among injecting drug users (IDUs) in a Russian city which has witnessed explosive spread of HIV associated with drug injecting. Twenty-seven in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted in May 2002 with police officers of varying rank who reported having regular contact with IDUs. All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, translated and coded thematically. Accounts upheld an approach to policing which emphasised high street-based visibility and close surveillance of IDUs. IDUs were depicted as 'potential criminals' warranting a 'pre-emptive' approach to the prevention of drug-related crime. Street policing was described as a means of maintaining close surveillance leading to the official registration of persons suspected or proven to be users of illicit drugs. Such registration enabled further ongoing surveillance, including through stop and search procedures. While aware of drug users' reluctance to carry injecting equipment linked to their fears of detention or arrest, accounts suggested that the confiscation of previously used injecting equipment can constitute evidence in relation to drugs possession charges and that discovery of clean injecting equipment may be sufficient to raise suspicion and/or further investigation, including through stop and search or questioning. Our findings suggest an uneasy relationship between street policing and needle and syringe access, whereby policing strategies can undermine an HIV prevention ethos promoting needle and syringe accessibility among IDUs. We conclude that facilitating partnerships between policing agencies and HIV prevention initiatives are a critical feature of creating environments conducive for risk reduction.

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“…This was not primary prevention of drug abuse, but it was harm reduction in relation to the more lethal problem of HIV transmission and subsequent AIDS (Platt et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Polypill As a Harm Reduction Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects and possible pitfalls of a preventive Polypill: confessions of a health promotion convert

Green

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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A proposal by Wald and Law (2003) for a single pill containing a statin, three half-dose antihypertensives, aspirin, and folic acid, met with a storm of controversy and seemed to have been relegated as much to the fanciful as to the accolades it might have deserved. The benefits such a Polypill could confer on people age 55 þ y were to reduce both cardiovascular and stroke events by 80% or more. Considering the daunting and, at best, slow process of changing the same risk factors through health promotion interventions on food policy, dietary and physical activity behaviors, and urban planning to make less prevalent the sedentary lifestyles developed over decades, the argument here is to view the Polypill as a harm reduction strategy that would complement health promotion, as Nicotine Replacement Therapy did for tobacco control, seat belts did for traffic injuries, and needle exchange programs did for secondary complications of injection drug use.

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The prevalence of injecting drug use in a Russian city: implications for harm reduction and coverage

Abstract: There is a high prevalence of IDU which, in the context of a fast-emerging IDU-associated HIV epidemic, will have serious public health implications.

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Estimating the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in the island of Montréal, Canada, using a six-source capture–recapture model

Estimating the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in the island of Montréal, Canada, using a six-source capture–recapture model

Street Policing, Injecting Drug Use and Harm Reduction in a Russian City: A Qualitative Study of Police Perspectives

Prospects and possible pitfalls of a preventive Polypill: confessions of a health promotion convert

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