The prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with obesity: results from a national blood pressure survey in Eritrea

Mufunda, J; Mebrahtu, Goitom; Usman, Abdulmumini; Nyarangó, Peter; Kosia, Andrew; Ghebrat, Yohannes; Ogbamariam, Andom; Masjuan, Myra; Gebremichael, A

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001924

Cited by 92 publications

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“…The prevalence of hypertension among the adolescents in this present study was 3.5%, and was consistent with the findings of other studies indicating that BP increases with age (11,36) . The implication of this observation is disturbing, granted that children who are obese are at greater risk for high BP at adulthood and the possibility of developing CVDs later in life.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The prevalence of hypertension found (29) , others almost similar values (13,30) , while a majority of the studies had disproportionately higher prevalence rates of hypertension (Table 5). (1,12,13,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37) The likely reasons for the difference between the prevalence of hypertension in this study and those reported in the literature might be the use of different age groups, differing research methods and definitions of BP, as well as differences in reported prevalence and risk estimates. It is possible too, that geographical location may account for the difference in distribution of BP.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…Mufunda et al (36) United States 14-19 9. 9 Triano et al (37) South Africa 10-16 3.5 Presente estudo adolescents (combined with healthy eating habits (5) are feasible healthy options.…”

Section: (Girls)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Índice de massa corpórea, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em escolares na província de Limpopo, África do Sul

Moselakgomo

Toriola

Shaw

et al. 2012

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objective: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index, overweight, and blood pressure among South African rural children and adolescents.Methods: The sample involved 1,172 schoolchildren (541 boys and 631 girls) aged 10 to 16 years. Stature, body mass, and skinfolds were measured using standard procedures. Overweight was defined by body mass index for gender and age. Blood pressure was monitored in each child three times using validated electronic devices (Omron HEM-705 CP, Device, Tokyo, Japan). Hypertension was determined as the average of three separate blood pressure readings, in which the systolic or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90 th percentile for age and sex. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables.Results: The prevalence of overweight was 5.5% for boys and 4.4% for girls. The children who had systolic blood pressure >90 th percentile ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. The likelihood of hypertension development among children is noticeable at age 10 for both boys and girls (0.2 and 0.1%, respectively), and ranged from 0.2 to 1.7% for boys and 0.1 to 1.2% for girls. Collectively, the prevalence of hypertension was 4.1 and 2.8% for boys and girls, respectively. Blood pressure correlated positively with stature, body mass, body mass index, body fat, and sum of skinfolds (p<0.001).Conclusions: Blood pressure increased with age in both genders. The routine measurement of blood pressure, as part of physical examinations of schoolchildren, is crucial for early prevention and intervention programs.Key-words: overweight; body mass index; subcutaneous fat; blood pressure; South Africa. RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corporal, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes da área rural da África do Sul.Métodos: A amostra abrangeu 1.172 escolares (541 meninos e 631 meninas) com idades entre 10 e 16 anos. Estatura, massa corporal e dobras cutâneas foram medidas por meio de procedimentos padrão. O sobrepeso foi definido pelo índice de massa corporal para idade e sexo. A pressão arterial foi monitorada três vezes em cada criança com o uso de aparelhos eletrônicos validados (Omron HEM-705 CP, Omron, Tóquio, Japão). A hipertensão foi determinada como a média de três leituras da pressão arterial, em que a sistólica ou a diastólica foi igual ou acima do percentil 90 para idade e sexo. Estatísticas descritivas foram calculadas para todas as variáveis.Resultados: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 5,5% para meninos e 4,4% para meninas. A taxa de crianças com pressão arterial acima do percentil 90 variou de 2,3 a 5,9%. A probabilidade do desenvolvimento de hipertensão em crianças é perceptível aos dez anos, tanto para os meninos (0,2%) quanto para as meninas (0,1%), e oscilou de 0,2 a 1,7% para o sexo masculino e de 0,1 a 1,2% para o feminino. Considerando-se a amostra total, a prevalência de hipertensão foi de 4,1% para os meninos e 2,8% para as meninas. A pressão arterial apresentou Violet Kankane Moselakgomo et al correlação positiva com estatura, massa corporal, ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

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Índice de massa corpórea, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em escolares na província de Limpopo, África do Sul

Moselakgomo

Toriola

Shaw

et al. 2012

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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“…A recent study by Mufunda et al, 14 also using the STEPwise approach in the same geographical area where this relationship was reported, described a related finding where blood pressure positively correlated to BMI only in the normal range of BMI but the relationship ceased to exist at low or very high BMI. Further increase/decrease in BMI did not result in increase/decrease in blood pressure, suggesting a saturating/threshold effect.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Further increase/decrease in BMI did not result in increase/decrease in blood pressure, suggesting a saturating/threshold effect. 14 Research attention has simultaneously been targeted at identifying regional population BMI/blood pressure relationships and on understanding pathophysiological mechanisms that mediate this relationship. Longitudinal studies on tracking early childhood obesity into adult obesity have recognized a clear link between childhood obesity and increased cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and blood pressure: where are we now?

Mufunda

2006

J Hum Hypertens

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The high prevalence rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) -particularly hypertension -in developing countries is gaining much attention. High disease burden in those environs has been consistent with the global projections of burden of disease from 1990 to 2020. 1 However, there is limited published information on NCD prevalence rates and related risk factors using the WHO STEPwise approach in developing countries.In the current issue of the Journal of Human Hypertension, Tesfaye et al. 2 report findings from surveys conducted in three countries in geoecologically diverse socio-demographic settings. Blood pressures and hypertension prevalence rates were much higher in men than in women, consistent with previous results demonstrating gender dichotomy in blood pressure, with higher pressures seen in men. The prevalence rates of the other NCD risk factors, such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption, were also much higher in men than in women.Of interest, a significant correlation was demonstrated between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressures in all the three populations, suggesting that BMI contributed to the reported hypertension prevalence rates. BMI was classified into underweight (o18.5 kg/m 2 ), normal BMI (18.5XBMIo 25 kg/m 2 ) and overweight or obese (BMIX25 kg/m 2 ) people. The strongest correlation was observed in Indonesia men and women, whereas the weakest correlation was reported among the Ethiopian women followed by the Ethiopian men. Distribution of mean systolic blood pressures across the full range of BMI quintiles in the three populations reveals that blood pressures begin to rise at lower BMI quintiles in high BMI populations compared with lean populations. Further, it was in the high BMI populations that high blood pressures were reported in the low BMI ranges. Based on the presence of high blood pressures in both underweight and overweight population subsets and the relatively low blood pressures in the normal range BMI range, the authors concluded that the blood pressure to BMI relationship was U or J shaped.Previous reports have described diverse hypertension prevalence rates and blood pressure distribution patterns in different settings but the blood pressure relationship with indices of obesity has largely been consistent including in urbanizationrelated hypertension and in populations in lifestyle transition. 3 Some conflicting results have been reported on the epidemiology of hypertension with the majority reporting increased hypertension rates in urban compared with rural settings, a phenomenon termed 'urbanization-related hypertension', 4 whereas a few have reported a decrease or no change in rates. 5 Although the majority of the population samples came from the rural environment in the three populations (100% from Vietnam, 90.3% in Indonesia and 70.3% in Ethiopia), the hypertension prevalence rates were higher in the urban areas where samples were studied. Indeed, urbanizationrelated hypertension has largely been attributed to increased psycho-social stress and to the contribut...

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