The Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes in the Adult Population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia- A Community-Based Survey

Abstract

BackgroundType 2 (T2DM) is believed to be common in Saudi Arabia, but data are limited. In this population survey, we determined the prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes.Materials and MethodsA representative sample among residents aged ≥ 18 years of the city of Jeddah was obtained comprising both Saudi and non-Saudi families (N = 1420). Data on dietary, clinical and socio-demographic characteristics were collected and anthropometric measurements taken. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes employing American Diabetes Association criteria. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with T2DM.ResultsAge and sex standardized prevalence of prediabetes was 9.0% (95% CI 7.5–10.5); 9.4% (7.1–11.8) in men and 8.6% (6.6–10.6) in women. For DM it was 12.1% (10.7–13.5); 12.9% (10.7–13.5) in men and 11.4% (9.5–13.3) in women. The prevalence based on World Population as standard was 18.3% for DM and 11.9% for prediabetes. The prevalence of DM and prediabetes increased with age. Of people aged ≥50 years 46% of men and 44% of women had DM. Prediabetes and DM were associated with various measures of adiposity. DM was also associated with and family history of dyslipidemia in women, cardiovascular disease in men, and with hypertension, dyslipidemia and family history of diabetes in both sexes.DiscussionAge was the strongest predictor of DM and prediabetes followed by obesity. Of people aged 50 years or over almost half had DM and another 10–15% had prediabetes leaving only a small proportion of people in this age group with normoglycemia. Since we did not use an oral glucose tolerance test the true prevalence of DM and prediabetes is thus likely to be even higher than reported here. These results demonstrate the urgent need to develop primary prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

Cytochrome P450 Cyp1b1*2 Gene and Its Association With T2d in Tabuk Population, Northwestern Region of Saudi Arabia

“…However, very limited data are available for CYP1B1*2 (rs1056827G>T) genetic variants in T2D. The aim of the current study was the investigation of allelic distribution of CYP1B1*2 (rs1056827G>T) genetic variants in an ethnically-homogeneous population of controls and patients with one of the most frequently observed diseases in Saudi Arabia [20,22,38]. The effects of the CYP1B1*2 (rs1056827G>T) genetic variants appear to be modest (Table 4).…”

“…Jeddah, KSA, about 50% of the subjects aging 50 years or more are types 2 diabetic, whereas, 10-15% from the remainders are pre-diabetics [20]. Apart from the short-and long-term complications of DM [21], there is the economic burden of the disease [22].…”

Cytomorphologic patterns of Pap and PAS‐stained oral exfoliative cytology smears in adult Saudi diabetic patients as compared to healthy controls

“…In aforementioned study, prevalence of DM increased with age. Of people aged ≥50 years 46% of men and 44% of women had DM …”

Frequency of diabetes, complications and vascular risk factors in male and female population of Al-Jouf, KSA

“…Saudi Arabia has a high prevalence of diabetes (raw diabetes prevalence of 17.6%) [6]. Estimate of diabetes prevalence has been published previously [7][8][9]. The amount of healthcare expenditure dedicated to diabetes corresponded on average to 17% of the total health budget spent; the largest share to diabetes was Saudi Arabia who spent 24% of total healthcare expenditure [2].…”