The Prevalence of Dementia and Depression in the Elderly Community in a Southern European Population

Lobò, Antonio; Saz, Pedro; Marcos, Guillermo; Día, José-Luis; De‐la‐Cámara, Concepción

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180083011

Cited by 178 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Contudo, para a região EURO A, na qual se inclui Portugal, existem bastantes estudos com boa qualidade metodológica. Referem-se especificamente os dois estudos efectuados em Espanha, 34,35 um país culturalmente semelhante ao nosso. Além disso, no painel Delphi o grau de concordância entre os peritos foi excelente logo na primeira ronda, 10 pelo que é de esperar que a estimativa seja válida.…”

Section: Grupos Etáriosunclassified

Epidemiologia da Demência e da Doença de Alzheimer em Portugal: Estimativas da Prevalência e dos Encargos Financeiros com a Medicação

et al. 2015

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Introduction:The incidence and prevalence of global dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) increase with age, almost doubling every five years after the sixth decade of life. Demographic aging is a reality in Portugal, being expectable that the number of dementia cases also increases. Even so, dementia-epidemiological data in Portugal is scarce and cost-of-illness studies are almost inexistent. Our aims were to obtain up-to-date information about the prevalence of dementia/ Alzheimer's disease in Portugal, to estimate the number of cases effectively diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease and to determine illness-costs with specific dementia treatment. Material and Methods:The numbers of age-adjusted prevalence of dementia obtained for Occidental Europe (Alzheimer's Disease International study), where applied to the resident population in Portugal (2013). Estimations related to diagnosis and treatment-costs were based in data provided by the Intercontinental Marketing Services Health (IMSH) -2013. Results:The estimated number of Portuguese people with dementia among those aged ≥ 60 years, is 160287, representing 5.91% of this population-stratum. Knowing Alzheimer's disease is responsible for 50-70% of all cases, we might conclude there are between 80144 and 112201 patients. According to IMSH-data, 76250 receive anti-dementia drugs and the costs of this kind of medication is 37 M€/year. Conclusions: As a consequence of the demographic aging, also the number of dementia cases increases. Aparentely, not all Alzheimer's disease patients receive the recommended medication, suggesting this condition is still under-diagnosed. However, figures indicate a positive progression with an increment of treated cases and a reduction of medication-costs.

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Section: Grupos Etáriosunclassified

Epidemiologia da Demência e da Doença de Alzheimer em Portugal: Estimativas da Prevalência e dos Encargos Financeiros com a Medicação

et al. 2015

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“…The interview included the standardised Spanish versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [24,25], the Geriatric Mental State (GMS)-History and Aetiology Schedule-Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (AGECAT) package [26,27], the Katz Index [28,29], the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale [30,31], and a series of questions regarding medical and psychiatric history includ-ed in the European Study on Dementia risk factors questionnaire [32]. All instruments have been validated in Spanish and have proven reliability.…”

Section: Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalent and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly persons with diabetes mellitus: results from the ZARADEMP project

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis Although several studies have reported on the association between diabetes and depression, none have used both formal psychiatric criteria and a prospective, population-based design. Therefore, it remains unclear whether diabetes is a risk factor for the development of depression. Moreover, it is not clear if this effect is influenced by other chronic diseases and functional disabilities. Methods A large (n=4,803) representative communitybased study in Spanish elderly subjects (at least 55 years of age) was conducted. The presence of major depression was assessed by means of a standardised psychiatric diagnostic interview (Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy). Subjects underwent a baseline assessment and a follow-up assessment after 2 and 5 years to determine the incidence of depression. Results At baseline 597 subjects (12.5%) were identified as having diabetes. Prevalence and incidence of depression in cases of diabetes were 15.4% and 16.5% respectively. Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of prevalent (odds ratio [OR]=1.47; 95% CI: 1.16-1.83) and incident (OR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.03-1.90) depression. Controlling for potential confounders did not essentially change these findings (prevalent depression: OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08-1.83; incident depression: OR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.90-1.77). Conclusions/interpretation In a large, representative prospective population-based sample using strict psychiatric criteria, we confirmed previous findings that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of depression. The effect on the incidence of depression suggests that diabetes may play a role in the development of depression in the elderly. The presence of comorbid medical diseases seems to decrease the effects of diabetes on the risk of prevalent depression, but to increase the risk of incident depression.

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“…The previous Zaragoza Study (which we now call ZARADEMP "0") (Lobo et al 1995) was the background investigation, and has influenced decisions about sampling, instruments and methods. Wave I (ZARADEMP I) is a baseline, cross-sectional study, intended to identify a cohort of individuals without dementia, as well as the prevalence and distribution of the hypothesized risk factors for dementia.…”

Section: Strategy Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The ZARADEMP Project on the incidence, prevalence and risk factors of dementia (and depression) in the elderly community: II. Methods and first results

et al. 2005

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-Background:There is a pressing need to identify environmental risk factors of dementia and depression in the elderly.Aims: To describe the methods and first results of the ZARADEMP Project, the first psychiatric study to document risk factors in incident cases of dementia (and depression) in a Southern European elderly population.Method: A three-wave (baseline and two follow-up waves) epidemiological study to identify incident cases of dementia (and depression) was completed in a representative sample population. Valid Spanish versions of case-finding instruments, including the Geriatric Mental State (GMS) were administered by standardized researchers. The incident cases, diagnosed by a panel of psychiatrists using DSM-IV criteria, will be included in a case-control study. Conclusions: We feel confident that modern epidemiological requirements have been fulfilled and the statistical power in the calculations of risk will be acceptable.

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The Prevalence of Dementia and Depression in the Elderly Community in a Southern European Population

Cited by 178 publications

References 41 publications

Epidemiologia da Demência e da Doença de Alzheimer em Portugal: Estimativas da Prevalência e dos Encargos Financeiros com a Medicação

Epidemiologia da Demência e da Doença de Alzheimer em Portugal: Estimativas da Prevalência e dos Encargos Financeiros com a Medicação

Prevalent and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly persons with diabetes mellitus: results from the ZARADEMP project

The ZARADEMP Project on the incidence, prevalence and risk factors of dementia (and depression) in the elderly community: II. Methods and first results

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