The prevalence of Clostridium difficile in cattle and sheep carcasses and the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates

Characterisation and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile isolated from chicken carcasses

“…Then, the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 10 days under anaerobic conditions using an Anaerogen Kit (SR0173, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). After alcohol shocking, the sediment was spread on C. difficile selective agar (CM0601+ CDMN supplement SR 0173 + 5% defibrinated horse blood, Oxoid), and then, the Petri dishes with the agar were incubated for 48-72 h at 37°C under anaerobic conditions (10). Colonies with a greyish ground glass appearance and a horse manure odour were classified as suspected colonies, and further analyses were carried out on them such as Gram staining and a latex agglutination test according to the manufacturer's manual (DR1107A C. difficile test kit, Oxoid).…”

“…The virulence of this bacterium is mostly related to the existence of these toxins. Certain C. difficile ribotypes have increased toxin generation and efficient sporulation characteristics, which makes them hypervirulent, and in this subset, human pathogenic ribotypes like RT027 and RT078 are at the forefront and known as the cause of human CDI (10,20,24).…”

“…difficile can be found in the environment (soil and water), poultry, slaughter animals, seafoods, meat products, vegetables, and ready-to-eat food varieties. Recently, prevalence studies on C. difficile and its human pathogenic ribotypes in chicken carcasses have drawn attention to these animals as a presumptive source of contamination with this bacterium for humans (10,17,20,21).…”

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile and its Presence in Food

“…Ülkemizde de Hampikyan ve ark. (51) , Marmara Bölgesindeki mezbahalardan topladıkları 247 büyükbaş ve 308 küçükbaş hayvan karkaslarında C. difficile'yi araştırmışlar ve 83 (%33.6) adet büyükbaş ile 78 (%25.3) adet küçükbaş karkas örneklerinden etkeni izole etmişlerdir. Sığır karkaslarından elde edilen izolatlardan 15'i (%18.1) ve koyun karkaslarından elde edilen izolatlardan 6'sı (%7.7) ribotip 027 suşu olarak identifiye edilmiştir.…”

“…Bunlara ek olarak, çevrede uzun süre canlılığını koruyabilen sporlar etkenin yanlış uygulamalar sonucunda personel, ekipman ve yüzeylerden gıdaya geçişine de neden olmaktadır. Bu olumsuzluklara kaynak oluşturan canlı hayvanlar ve onlara ait dışkılar üzerine yapılan çalışmalar son yıllarda giderek artan bir ivme kazanmıştır (51,52) . (53) marketlerden toplanan 310 tavuk örneğinin 25'inin (%8.1) bu bakteri ile kontamine olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.…”